Abstract
Water utilities, especially smaller ones, are having increasing difficulties proving increased treatment requirements required in the United States for the removal of chemical and microbial contaminates in drinking water. This project sought to evaluate the virus removal potential of combined slow sand filtration and nanofiltration by a pilot plant for application to a small utility which uses a surface water supply. Nanofiltration is a relatively new water treatment technology which has become available since 1986. It is similar to reverse osmosis but has a higher molecular weight cut-off and is less costly to operate. The bacteriophages MS-2 (28 nm) and PRD-1 (65 nm) were seeded into surface water entering a pilot plant and samples collected after sand filtration, nanofiltration, and of the nanofilter reject water. These phages were selected for study because of their small size and poor adsorption to surfaces. The slow sand filter removed 99% of the MS-2 and 99.9% of the PRD-1. There was between a 4 to 6 log reduction of the phages by the nonofilters. PRD-1 was removed to a greater extent than MS-2 by both the sand filter and the nanofilters.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 445-448 |
Number of pages | 4 |
Journal | Water Science and Technology |
Volume | 27 |
Issue number | 3-4 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 1993 |
Externally published | Yes |
Event | Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Conference and Exposition of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control - Washington, DC, USA Duration: May 24 1992 → May 30 1992 |
Keywords
- Bacteriophage
- Nanofiltration
- Slow sand filtration
- Surface water
- Virus
- Water treatment
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Environmental Engineering
- Water Science and Technology