Verification of Radiative Transfer Schemes for the EHT

Ralphp Eatough; Roman Gold; Avery E. Broderick; Ziri Younsi; Christian M. Fromm; Charles F. Gammie; Monika Mościbrodzka; Hung Yi Pu; Thomas Bronzwaer; Jordy Davelaar; Jason Dexter; David Ball; Chi Kwan Chan; Tomohisa Kawashima; Yosuke Mizuno; Bart Ripperda; Kazunori Akiyama; Antxon Alberdi; Walter Alef; Keiichi Asada; Rebecca Azulay; Anne Kathrin Baczko; Mislav Baloković; John Barrett; Dan Bintley; Lindy Blackburn; Wilfred Boland; Katherine L. Bouman; Geoffrey C. Bower; Michael Bremer; Christiaan D. Brinkerink; Roger Brissenden; Silke Britzen; Dominique Broguiere; Do Young Byun; John E. Carlstrom; Andrew Chael; Koushik Chatterjee; Shami Chatterjee; Ming Tang Chen; Yongjun Chen; Ilje Cho; Pierre Christian; John E. Conway; James M. Cordes; Geoffrey B. Crew; Yuzhu Cui; Mariafelicia De Laurentis; Roger Deane; Jessica Dempsey; Gregory Desvignes; Sheperd S. Doeleman; Ralphp Eatough; Heino Falcke; Vincent L. Fish; Ed Fomalont; Raquel Fraga-Encinas; Bill Freeman; Per Friberg; José L. Gómez; Peter Galison; Roberto García; Olivier Gentaz; Boris Georgiev; Ciriaco Goddi; Minfeng Gu; Mark Gurwell; Kazuhiro Hada; Michael H. Hecht; Ronald Hesper; Luis C. Ho; Paul Ho; Mareki Honma; Chih Wei L. Huang; Lei Huang; David H. Hughes; Makoto Inoue; Sara Issaoun; David J. James; Buell T. Jannuzi; Michael Janssen; Britton Jeter; Wu Jiang; Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales; Michael D. Johnson; Svetlana Jorstad; Taehyun Jung; Mansour Karami; Ramesh Karuppusamy; Garrett K. Keating; Mark Kettenis; Jae Young Kim; Junhan Kim; Jongsoo Kim; Motoki Kino; Jun Yi Koay; Patrick M. Koch; Shoko Koyama; Michael Kramer; Carsten Kramer; Thomas P. Krichbaum; Cheng Yu Kuo; Tod R. Lauer; Sang Sung Lee; Yan Rong Li; Zhiyuan Li; Rocco Lico; Michael Lindqvist; Kuo Liu; Elisabetta Liuzzo; Wen Ping Lo; Andrei P. Lobanov; Laurent Loinard; Colin Lonsdale; Ru Sen Lu; Nicholas R. Macdonald; Sera Markoff; Jirong Mao; Daniel P. Marrone; Alan P. Marscher; Iván Martí-Vidal; Satoki Matsushita; Lynn D. Matthews; Lia Medeiros; Karl M. Menten; Izumi Mizuno; James M. Moran; Kotaro Moriyama; Cornelia Müller; Hiroshi Nagai; Masanori Nakamura; Neil M. Nagar; Ramesh Narayan; Gopal Narayanan; Iniyan Natarajan; Roberto Neri; Chunchong Ni; Aristeidis Noutsos; Hiroki Okino; Gisela N. Ortiz-León; Tomoaki Oyama; Feryal zel; Daniel C.M. Palumbo; Jongho Park; Nimesh Patel; Ue Li Pen; Dominic W. Pesce; Richard Plambeck; Vincent Piétu; Aleksandar Popstefanija; Oliver Porth; Jorge A. Preciado-López; Dimitrios Psaltis; Venkatessh Ramakrishnan; Ramprasad Rao; Mark G. Rawlings; Alexander W. Raymond; Luciano Rezzolla; Freek Roelofs; Alan Rogers; Eduardo Ros; Mel Rose; Arash Roshanineshat; Helge Rottmann; Alan L. Roy; Chet Ruszczyk; Kazi L.J. Rygl; Salvador Sánchez; David Sánchez-Arguelles; Mahito Sasada; Tuomas Savolainen; Karl Friedrich Schuster; F. Peter Schloerb; Lijing Shao; Zhiqiang Shen; Des Small; Bong Won Sohn; Jason Soohoo; Paul Tiede; Fumie Tazaki; Remo P.J. Tilanus; Michael Titus; Kenji Toma; Pablo Torne; Tyler Trent; Thalia Traianou; Sascha Trippe; Shuichiro Tsuda; Huib Jan Van Langevelde; Ilse Van Bemmel; Daniel R. Van Rossum; Jan Wagner; John Wardle; Norbert Wex; Jonathan Weintroub; Robert Wharton; Maciek Wielgus; George N. Wong; Qingwen Wu; Doosoo Yoon; Ken Young; André Young; Feng Yuan; Ye Fei Yuan; J. Anton Zensus; Guangyao Zhao; Shan Shan Zhao; Ziyan Zhu

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab96c6

Verification of Radiative Transfer Schemes for the EHT

Ralphp Eatough, Roman Gold, Avery E. Broderick, Ziri Younsi, Christian M. Fromm, Charles F. Gammie, Monika Mościbrodzka, Hung Yi Pu, Thomas Bronzwaer, Jordy Davelaar, Jason Dexter, David Ball, Chi Kwan Chan, Tomohisa Kawashima, Yosuke Mizuno, Bart Ripperda, Kazunori Akiyama, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Keiichi AsadaRebecca Azulay, Anne Kathrin Baczko, Mislav Baloković, John Barrett, Dan Bintley, Lindy Blackburn, Wilfred Boland, Katherine L. Bouman, Geoffrey C. Bower, Michael Bremer, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, Roger Brissenden, Silke Britzen, Dominique Broguiere, Do Young Byun, John E. Carlstrom, Andrew Chael, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Ming Tang Chen, Yongjun Chen, Ilje Cho, Pierre Christian, John E. Conway, James M. Cordes, Geoffrey B. Crew, Yuzhu Cui, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Roger Deane, Jessica Dempsey, Gregory Desvignes, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Ralphp Eatough, Heino Falcke, Vincent L. Fish, Ed Fomalont, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Bill Freeman, Per Friberg, José L. Gómez, Peter Galison, Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, Boris Georgiev, Ciriaco Goddi, Minfeng Gu, Mark Gurwell, Kazuhiro Hada, Michael H. Hecht, Ronald Hesper, Luis C. Ho, Paul Ho, Mareki Honma, Chih Wei L. Huang, Lei Huang, David H. Hughes, Makoto Inoue, Sara Issaoun, David J. James, Buell T. Jannuzi, Michael Janssen, Britton Jeter, Wu Jiang, Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales, Michael D. Johnson, Svetlana Jorstad, Taehyun Jung, Mansour Karami, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Garrett K. Keating, Mark Kettenis, Jae Young Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Motoki Kino, Jun Yi Koay, Patrick M. Koch, Shoko Koyama, Michael Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Cheng Yu Kuo, Tod R. Lauer, Sang Sung Lee, Yan Rong Li, Zhiyuan Li, Rocco Lico, Michael Lindqvist, Kuo Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Wen Ping Lo, Andrei P. Lobanov, Laurent Loinard, Colin Lonsdale, Ru Sen Lu, Nicholas R. Macdonald, Sera Markoff, Jirong Mao, Daniel P. Marrone, Alan P. Marscher, Iván Martí-Vidal, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D. Matthews, Lia Medeiros, Karl M. Menten, Izumi Mizuno, James M. Moran, Kotaro Moriyama, Cornelia Müller, Hiroshi Nagai, Masanori Nakamura, Neil M. Nagar, Ramesh Narayan, Gopal Narayanan, Iniyan Natarajan, Roberto Neri, Chunchong Ni, Aristeidis Noutsos, Hiroki Okino, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal zel, Daniel C.M. Palumbo, Jongho Park, Nimesh Patel, Ue Li Pen, Dominic W. Pesce, Richard Plambeck, Vincent Piétu, Aleksandar Popstefanija, Oliver Porth, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Dimitrios Psaltis, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings, Alexander W. Raymond, Luciano Rezzolla, Freek Roelofs, Alan Rogers, Eduardo Ros, Mel Rose, Arash Roshanineshat, Helge Rottmann, Alan L. Roy, Chet Ruszczyk, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Salvador Sánchez, David Sánchez-Arguelles, Mahito Sasada, Tuomas Savolainen, Karl Friedrich Schuster, F. Peter Schloerb, Lijing Shao, Zhiqiang Shen, Des Small, Bong Won Sohn, Jason Soohoo, Paul Tiede, Fumie Tazaki, Remo P.J. Tilanus, Michael Titus, Kenji Toma, Pablo Torne, Tyler Trent, Thalia Traianou, Sascha Trippe, Shuichiro Tsuda, Huib Jan Van Langevelde, Ilse Van Bemmel, Daniel R. Van Rossum, Jan Wagner, John Wardle, Norbert Wex, Jonathan Weintroub, Robert Wharton, Maciek Wielgus, George N. Wong, Qingwen Wu, Doosoo Yoon, Ken Young, André Young, Feng Yuan, Ye Fei Yuan, J. Anton Zensus, Guangyao Zhao, Shan Shan Zhao, Ziyan Zhu

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

34 Scopus citations

Abstract

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration has recently produced the first resolved images of the central supermassive black hole in the giant elliptical galaxy M87. Here we report on tests of the consistency and accuracy of the general relativistic radiative transfer codes used within the collaboration to model M87∗ and Sgr A∗. We compare and evaluate (1) deflection angles for equatorial null geodesics in a Kerr spacetime; (2) images calculated from a series of simple, parameterized matter distributions in the Kerr metric using simplified emissivities and absorptivities; (3) for a subset of codes, images calculated from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations using different realistic synchrotron emissivities and absorptivities; (4) observables for the 2017 configuration of EHT, including visibility amplitudes and closure phases. The error in total flux is of order 1% when the codes are run with production numerical parameters. The dominant source of discrepancies for small camera distances is the location and detailed setup of the software "camera"that each code uses to produce synthetic images. We find that when numerical parameters are suitably chosen and the camera is sufficiently far away the images converge and that for given transfer coefficients, numerical uncertainties are unlikely to limit parameter estimation for the current generation of EHT observations. The purpose of this paper is to describe a verification and comparison of EHT radiative transfer codes. It is not to verify EHT models more generally.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	148
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	897
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab96c6
State	Published - Jul 10 2020

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

Access to Document

10.3847/1538-4357/ab96c6

Cite this

Eatough, R., Gold, R., Broderick, A. E., Younsi, Z., Fromm, C. M., Gammie, C. F., Mościbrodzka, M., Pu, H. Y., Bronzwaer, T., Davelaar, J., Dexter, J., Ball, D., Chan, C. K., Kawashima, T., Mizuno, Y., Ripperda, B., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., ... Zhu, Z. (2020). Verification of Radiative Transfer Schemes for the EHT. Astrophysical Journal, 897(2), Article 148. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab96c6

Eatough, R, Gold, R, Broderick, AE, Younsi, Z, Fromm, CM, Gammie, CF, Mościbrodzka, M, Pu, HY, Bronzwaer, T, Davelaar, J, Dexter, J, Ball, D, Chan, CK, Kawashima, T, Mizuno, Y, Ripperda, B, Akiyama, K, Alberdi, A, Alef, W, Asada, K, Azulay, R, Baczko, AK, Baloković, M, Barrett, J, Bintley, D, Blackburn, L, Boland, W, Bouman, KL, Bower, GC, Bremer, M, Brinkerink, CD, Brissenden, R, Britzen, S, Broguiere, D, Byun, DY, Carlstrom, JE, Chael, A, Chatterjee, K, Chatterjee, S, Chen, MT, Chen, Y, Cho, I, Christian, P, Conway, JE, Cordes, JM, Crew, GB, Cui, Y, Laurentis, MD, Deane, R, Dempsey, J, Desvignes, G, Doeleman, SS, Eatough, R, Falcke, H, Fish, VL, Fomalont, E, Fraga-Encinas, R, Freeman, B, Friberg, P, Gómez, JL, Galison, P, García, R, Gentaz, O, Georgiev, B, Goddi, C, Gu, M, Gurwell, M, Hada, K, Hecht, MH, Hesper, R, Ho, LC, Ho, P, Honma, M, Huang, CWL, Huang, L, Hughes, DH, Inoue, M, Issaoun, S, James, DJ, Jannuzi, BT, Janssen, M, Jeter, B, Jiang, W, Jimenez-Rosales, A, Johnson, MD, Jorstad, S, Jung, T, Karami, M, Karuppusamy, R, Keating, GK, Kettenis, M, Kim, JY, Kim, J, Kim, J, Kino, M, Koay, JY, Koch, PM, Koyama, S, Kramer, M, Kramer, C, Krichbaum, TP, Kuo, CY, Lauer, TR, Lee, SS, Li, YR, Li, Z, Lico, R, Lindqvist, M, Liu, K, Liuzzo, E, Lo, WP, Lobanov, AP, Loinard, L, Lonsdale, C, Lu, RS, Macdonald, NR, Markoff, S, Mao, J, Marrone, DP, Marscher, AP, Martí-Vidal, I, Matsushita, S, Matthews, LD, Medeiros, L, Menten, KM, Mizuno, I, Moran, JM, Moriyama, K, Müller, C, Nagai, H, Nakamura, M, Nagar, NM, Narayan, R, Narayanan, G, Natarajan, I, Neri, R, Ni, C, Noutsos, A, Okino, H, Ortiz-León, GN, Oyama, T, zel, F, Palumbo, DCM, Park, J, Patel, N, Pen, UL, Pesce, DW, Plambeck, R, Piétu, V, Popstefanija, A, Porth, O, Preciado-López, JA, Psaltis, D, Ramakrishnan, V, Rao, R, Rawlings, MG, Raymond, AW, Rezzolla, L, Roelofs, F, Rogers, A, Ros, E, Rose, M, Roshanineshat, A, Rottmann, H, Roy, AL, Ruszczyk, C, Rygl, KLJ, Sánchez, S, Sánchez-Arguelles, D, Sasada, M, Savolainen, T, Schuster, KF, Schloerb, FP, Shao, L, Shen, Z, Small, D, Sohn, BW, Soohoo, J, Tiede, P, Tazaki, F, Tilanus, RPJ, Titus, M, Toma, K, Torne, P, Trent, T, Traianou, T, Trippe, S, Tsuda, S, Van Langevelde, HJ, Bemmel, IV, Van Rossum, DR, Wagner, J, Wardle, J, Wex, N, Weintroub, J, Wharton, R, Wielgus, M, Wong, GN, Wu, Q, Yoon, D, Young, K, Young, A, Yuan, F, Yuan, YF, Zensus, JA, Zhao, G, Zhao, SS & Zhu, Z 2020, 'Verification of Radiative Transfer Schemes for the EHT', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 897, no. 2, 148. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab96c6

@article{1e9fb8a40cbd4a40af24f155ef0c904c,

title = "Verification of Radiative Transfer Schemes for the EHT",

abstract = "The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration has recently produced the first resolved images of the central supermassive black hole in the giant elliptical galaxy M87. Here we report on tests of the consistency and accuracy of the general relativistic radiative transfer codes used within the collaboration to model M87∗ and Sgr A∗. We compare and evaluate (1) deflection angles for equatorial null geodesics in a Kerr spacetime; (2) images calculated from a series of simple, parameterized matter distributions in the Kerr metric using simplified emissivities and absorptivities; (3) for a subset of codes, images calculated from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations using different realistic synchrotron emissivities and absorptivities; (4) observables for the 2017 configuration of EHT, including visibility amplitudes and closure phases. The error in total flux is of order 1% when the codes are run with production numerical parameters. The dominant source of discrepancies for small camera distances is the location and detailed setup of the software {"}camera{"}that each code uses to produce synthetic images. We find that when numerical parameters are suitably chosen and the camera is sufficiently far away the images converge and that for given transfer coefficients, numerical uncertainties are unlikely to limit parameter estimation for the current generation of EHT observations. The purpose of this paper is to describe a verification and comparison of EHT radiative transfer codes. It is not to verify EHT models more generally.",

author = "Ralphp Eatough and Roman Gold and Broderick, {Avery E.} and Ziri Younsi and Fromm, {Christian M.} and Gammie, {Charles F.} and Monika Mo{\'s}cibrodzka and Pu, {Hung Yi} and Thomas Bronzwaer and Jordy Davelaar and Jason Dexter and David Ball and Chan, {Chi Kwan} and Tomohisa Kawashima and Yosuke Mizuno and Bart Ripperda and Kazunori Akiyama and Antxon Alberdi and Walter Alef and Keiichi Asada and Rebecca Azulay and Baczko, {Anne Kathrin} and Mislav Balokovi{\'c} and John Barrett and Dan Bintley and Lindy Blackburn and Wilfred Boland and Bouman, {Katherine L.} and Bower, {Geoffrey C.} and Michael Bremer and Brinkerink, {Christiaan D.} and Roger Brissenden and Silke Britzen and Dominique Broguiere and Byun, {Do Young} and Carlstrom, {John E.} and Andrew Chael and Koushik Chatterjee and Shami Chatterjee and Chen, {Ming Tang} and Yongjun Chen and Ilje Cho and Pierre Christian and Conway, {John E.} and Cordes, {James M.} and Crew, {Geoffrey B.} and Yuzhu Cui and Laurentis, {Mariafelicia De} and Roger Deane and Jessica Dempsey and Gregory Desvignes and Doeleman, {Sheperd S.} and Ralphp Eatough and Heino Falcke and Fish, {Vincent L.} and Ed Fomalont and Raquel Fraga-Encinas and Bill Freeman and Per Friberg and G{\'o}mez, {Jos{\'e} L.} and Peter Galison and Roberto Garc{\'i}a and Olivier Gentaz and Boris Georgiev and Ciriaco Goddi and Minfeng Gu and Mark Gurwell and Kazuhiro Hada and Hecht, {Michael H.} and Ronald Hesper and Ho, {Luis C.} and Paul Ho and Mareki Honma and Huang, {Chih Wei L.} and Lei Huang and Hughes, {David H.} and Makoto Inoue and Sara Issaoun and James, {David J.} and Jannuzi, {Buell T.} and Michael Janssen and Britton Jeter and Wu Jiang and Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales and Johnson, {Michael D.} and Svetlana Jorstad and Taehyun Jung and Mansour Karami and Ramesh Karuppusamy and Keating, {Garrett K.} and Mark Kettenis and Kim, {Jae Young} and Junhan Kim and Jongsoo Kim and Motoki Kino and Koay, {Jun Yi} and Koch, {Patrick M.} and Shoko Koyama and Michael Kramer and Carsten Kramer and Krichbaum, {Thomas P.} and Kuo, {Cheng Yu} and Lauer, {Tod R.} and Lee, {Sang Sung} and Li, {Yan Rong} and Zhiyuan Li and Rocco Lico and Michael Lindqvist and Kuo Liu and Elisabetta Liuzzo and Lo, {Wen Ping} and Lobanov, {Andrei P.} and Laurent Loinard and Colin Lonsdale and Lu, {Ru Sen} and Macdonald, {Nicholas R.} and Sera Markoff and Jirong Mao and Marrone, {Daniel P.} and Marscher, {Alan P.} and Iv{\'a}n Mart{\'i}-Vidal and Satoki Matsushita and Matthews, {Lynn D.} and Lia Medeiros and Menten, {Karl M.} and Izumi Mizuno and Moran, {James M.} and Kotaro Moriyama and Cornelia M{\"u}ller and Hiroshi Nagai and Masanori Nakamura and Nagar, {Neil M.} and Ramesh Narayan and Gopal Narayanan and Iniyan Natarajan and Roberto Neri and Chunchong Ni and Aristeidis Noutsos and Hiroki Okino and Ortiz-Le{\'o}n, {Gisela N.} and Tomoaki Oyama and Feryal zel and Palumbo, {Daniel C.M.} and Jongho Park and Nimesh Patel and Pen, {Ue Li} and Pesce, {Dominic W.} and Richard Plambeck and Vincent Pi{\'e}tu and Aleksandar Popstefanija and Oliver Porth and Preciado-L{\'o}pez, {Jorge A.} and Dimitrios Psaltis and Venkatessh Ramakrishnan and Ramprasad Rao and Rawlings, {Mark G.} and Raymond, {Alexander W.} and Luciano Rezzolla and Freek Roelofs and Alan Rogers and Eduardo Ros and Mel Rose and Arash Roshanineshat and Helge Rottmann and Roy, {Alan L.} and Chet Ruszczyk and Rygl, {Kazi L.J.} and Salvador S{\'a}nchez and David S{\'a}nchez-Arguelles and Mahito Sasada and Tuomas Savolainen and Schuster, {Karl Friedrich} and Schloerb, {F. Peter} and Lijing Shao and Zhiqiang Shen and Des Small and Sohn, {Bong Won} and Jason Soohoo and Paul Tiede and Fumie Tazaki and Tilanus, {Remo P.J.} and Michael Titus and Kenji Toma and Pablo Torne and Tyler Trent and Thalia Traianou and Sascha Trippe and Shuichiro Tsuda and {Van Langevelde}, {Huib Jan} and Bemmel, {Ilse Van} and {Van Rossum}, {Daniel R.} and Jan Wagner and John Wardle and Norbert Wex and Jonathan Weintroub and Robert Wharton and Maciek Wielgus and Wong, {George N.} and Qingwen Wu and Doosoo Yoon and Ken Young and Andr{\'e} Young and Feng Yuan and Yuan, {Ye Fei} and Zensus, {J. Anton} and Guangyao Zhao and Zhao, {Shan Shan} and Ziyan Zhu",

year = "2020",

month = jul,

day = "10",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ab96c6",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "897",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",

number = "2",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Verification of Radiative Transfer Schemes for the EHT

AU - Eatough, Ralphp

AU - Gold, Roman

AU - Broderick, Avery E.

AU - Younsi, Ziri

AU - Fromm, Christian M.

AU - Gammie, Charles F.

AU - Mościbrodzka, Monika

AU - Pu, Hung Yi

AU - Bronzwaer, Thomas

AU - Davelaar, Jordy

AU - Dexter, Jason

AU - Ball, David

AU - Chan, Chi Kwan

AU - Kawashima, Tomohisa

AU - Mizuno, Yosuke

AU - Ripperda, Bart

AU - Akiyama, Kazunori

AU - Alberdi, Antxon

AU - Alef, Walter

AU - Asada, Keiichi

AU - Azulay, Rebecca

AU - Baczko, Anne Kathrin

AU - Baloković, Mislav

AU - Barrett, John

AU - Bintley, Dan

AU - Blackburn, Lindy

AU - Boland, Wilfred

AU - Bouman, Katherine L.

AU - Bower, Geoffrey C.

AU - Bremer, Michael

AU - Brinkerink, Christiaan D.

AU - Brissenden, Roger

AU - Britzen, Silke

AU - Broguiere, Dominique

AU - Byun, Do Young

AU - Carlstrom, John E.

AU - Chael, Andrew

AU - Chatterjee, Koushik

AU - Chatterjee, Shami

AU - Chen, Ming Tang

AU - Chen, Yongjun

AU - Cho, Ilje

AU - Christian, Pierre

AU - Conway, John E.

AU - Cordes, James M.

AU - Crew, Geoffrey B.

AU - Cui, Yuzhu

AU - Laurentis, Mariafelicia De

AU - Deane, Roger

AU - Dempsey, Jessica

AU - Desvignes, Gregory

AU - Doeleman, Sheperd S.

AU - Eatough, Ralphp

AU - Falcke, Heino

AU - Fish, Vincent L.

AU - Fomalont, Ed

AU - Fraga-Encinas, Raquel

AU - Freeman, Bill

AU - Friberg, Per

AU - Gómez, José L.

AU - Galison, Peter

AU - García, Roberto

AU - Gentaz, Olivier

AU - Georgiev, Boris

AU - Goddi, Ciriaco

AU - Gu, Minfeng

AU - Gurwell, Mark

AU - Hada, Kazuhiro

AU - Hecht, Michael H.

AU - Hesper, Ronald

AU - Ho, Luis C.

AU - Ho, Paul

AU - Honma, Mareki

AU - Huang, Chih Wei L.

AU - Huang, Lei

AU - Hughes, David H.

AU - Inoue, Makoto

AU - Issaoun, Sara

AU - James, David J.

AU - Jannuzi, Buell T.

AU - Janssen, Michael

AU - Jeter, Britton

AU - Jiang, Wu

AU - Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra

AU - Johnson, Michael D.

AU - Jorstad, Svetlana

AU - Jung, Taehyun

AU - Karami, Mansour

AU - Karuppusamy, Ramesh

AU - Keating, Garrett K.

AU - Kettenis, Mark

AU - Kim, Jae Young

AU - Kim, Junhan

AU - Kim, Jongsoo

AU - Kino, Motoki

AU - Koay, Jun Yi

AU - Koch, Patrick M.

AU - Koyama, Shoko

AU - Kramer, Michael

AU - Kramer, Carsten

AU - Krichbaum, Thomas P.

AU - Kuo, Cheng Yu

AU - Lauer, Tod R.

AU - Lee, Sang Sung

AU - Li, Yan Rong

AU - Li, Zhiyuan

AU - Lico, Rocco

AU - Lindqvist, Michael

AU - Liu, Kuo

AU - Liuzzo, Elisabetta

AU - Lo, Wen Ping

AU - Lobanov, Andrei P.

AU - Loinard, Laurent

AU - Lonsdale, Colin

AU - Lu, Ru Sen

AU - Macdonald, Nicholas R.

AU - Markoff, Sera

AU - Mao, Jirong

AU - Marrone, Daniel P.

AU - Marscher, Alan P.

AU - Martí-Vidal, Iván

AU - Matsushita, Satoki

AU - Matthews, Lynn D.

AU - Medeiros, Lia

AU - Menten, Karl M.

AU - Mizuno, Izumi

AU - Moran, James M.

AU - Moriyama, Kotaro

AU - Müller, Cornelia

AU - Nagai, Hiroshi

AU - Nakamura, Masanori

AU - Nagar, Neil M.

AU - Narayan, Ramesh

AU - Narayanan, Gopal

AU - Natarajan, Iniyan

AU - Neri, Roberto

AU - Ni, Chunchong

AU - Noutsos, Aristeidis

AU - Okino, Hiroki

AU - Ortiz-León, Gisela N.

AU - Oyama, Tomoaki

AU - zel, Feryal

AU - Palumbo, Daniel C.M.

AU - Park, Jongho

AU - Patel, Nimesh

AU - Pen, Ue Li

AU - Pesce, Dominic W.

AU - Plambeck, Richard

AU - Piétu, Vincent

AU - Popstefanija, Aleksandar

AU - Porth, Oliver

AU - Preciado-López, Jorge A.

AU - Psaltis, Dimitrios

AU - Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh

AU - Rao, Ramprasad

AU - Rawlings, Mark G.

AU - Raymond, Alexander W.

AU - Rezzolla, Luciano

AU - Roelofs, Freek

AU - Rogers, Alan

AU - Ros, Eduardo

AU - Rose, Mel

AU - Roshanineshat, Arash

AU - Rottmann, Helge

AU - Roy, Alan L.

AU - Ruszczyk, Chet

AU - Rygl, Kazi L.J.

AU - Sánchez, Salvador

AU - Sánchez-Arguelles, David

AU - Sasada, Mahito

AU - Savolainen, Tuomas

AU - Schuster, Karl Friedrich

AU - Schloerb, F. Peter

AU - Shao, Lijing

AU - Shen, Zhiqiang

AU - Small, Des

AU - Sohn, Bong Won

AU - Soohoo, Jason

AU - Tiede, Paul

AU - Tazaki, Fumie

AU - Tilanus, Remo P.J.

AU - Titus, Michael

AU - Toma, Kenji

AU - Torne, Pablo

AU - Trent, Tyler

AU - Traianou, Thalia

AU - Trippe, Sascha

AU - Tsuda, Shuichiro

AU - Van Langevelde, Huib Jan

AU - Bemmel, Ilse Van

AU - Van Rossum, Daniel R.

AU - Wagner, Jan

AU - Wardle, John

AU - Wex, Norbert

AU - Weintroub, Jonathan

AU - Wharton, Robert

AU - Wielgus, Maciek

AU - Wong, George N.

AU - Wu, Qingwen

AU - Yoon, Doosoo

AU - Young, Ken

AU - Young, André

AU - Yuan, Feng

AU - Yuan, Ye Fei

AU - Zensus, J. Anton

AU - Zhao, Guangyao

AU - Zhao, Shan Shan

AU - Zhu, Ziyan

PY - 2020/7/10

Y1 - 2020/7/10

N2 - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration has recently produced the first resolved images of the central supermassive black hole in the giant elliptical galaxy M87. Here we report on tests of the consistency and accuracy of the general relativistic radiative transfer codes used within the collaboration to model M87∗ and Sgr A∗. We compare and evaluate (1) deflection angles for equatorial null geodesics in a Kerr spacetime; (2) images calculated from a series of simple, parameterized matter distributions in the Kerr metric using simplified emissivities and absorptivities; (3) for a subset of codes, images calculated from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations using different realistic synchrotron emissivities and absorptivities; (4) observables for the 2017 configuration of EHT, including visibility amplitudes and closure phases. The error in total flux is of order 1% when the codes are run with production numerical parameters. The dominant source of discrepancies for small camera distances is the location and detailed setup of the software "camera"that each code uses to produce synthetic images. We find that when numerical parameters are suitably chosen and the camera is sufficiently far away the images converge and that for given transfer coefficients, numerical uncertainties are unlikely to limit parameter estimation for the current generation of EHT observations. The purpose of this paper is to describe a verification and comparison of EHT radiative transfer codes. It is not to verify EHT models more generally.

AB - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration has recently produced the first resolved images of the central supermassive black hole in the giant elliptical galaxy M87. Here we report on tests of the consistency and accuracy of the general relativistic radiative transfer codes used within the collaboration to model M87∗ and Sgr A∗. We compare and evaluate (1) deflection angles for equatorial null geodesics in a Kerr spacetime; (2) images calculated from a series of simple, parameterized matter distributions in the Kerr metric using simplified emissivities and absorptivities; (3) for a subset of codes, images calculated from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations using different realistic synchrotron emissivities and absorptivities; (4) observables for the 2017 configuration of EHT, including visibility amplitudes and closure phases. The error in total flux is of order 1% when the codes are run with production numerical parameters. The dominant source of discrepancies for small camera distances is the location and detailed setup of the software "camera"that each code uses to produce synthetic images. We find that when numerical parameters are suitably chosen and the camera is sufficiently far away the images converge and that for given transfer coefficients, numerical uncertainties are unlikely to limit parameter estimation for the current generation of EHT observations. The purpose of this paper is to describe a verification and comparison of EHT radiative transfer codes. It is not to verify EHT models more generally.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85088029004&partnerID=8YFLogxK

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U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/ab96c6

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ab96c6

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85088029004

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 897

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 2

M1 - 148

ER -

Verification of Radiative Transfer Schemes for the EHT

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