TREASUREHUNT: Transients and Variability Discovered with HST in the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field

Rosalia O’Brien; Rolf A. Jansen; Norman A. Grogin; Seth H. Cohen; Brent M. Smith; Ross M. Silver; W. P. Maksym; Rogier A. Windhorst; Timothy Carleton; Anton M. Koekemoer; Nimish P. Hathi; Christopher N.A. Willmer; Brenda L. Frye; M. Alpaslan; M. L.N. Ashby; T. A. Ashcraft; S. Bonoli; W. Brisken; N. Cappelluti; F. Civano; C. J. Conselice; V. S. Dhillon; S. P. Driver; K. J. Duncan; R. Dupke; M. Elvis; G. G. Fazio; S. L. Finkelstein; H. B. Gim; A. Griffiths; H. B. Hammel; M. Hyun; M. Im; V. R. Jones; D. Kim; B. Ladjelate; R. L. Larson; S. Malhotra; M. A. Marshall; S. N. Milam; J. D.R. Pierel; J. E. Rhoads; S. A. Rodney; H. J.A. Röttgering; M. J. Rutkowski; R. E. Ryan; M. J. Ward; C. W. White; R. J. van Weeren; X. Zhao; J. Summers; J. C.J. D’Silva; R. Ortiz; A. S.G. Robotham; D. Coe; M. Nonino; N. Pirzkal; H. Yan; T. Acharya

doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad3948

TREASUREHUNT: Transients and Variability Discovered with HST in the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field

Rosalia O’Brien, Rolf A. Jansen, Norman A. Grogin, Seth H. Cohen, Brent M. Smith, Ross M. Silver, W. P. Maksym, Rogier A. Windhorst, Timothy Carleton, Anton M. Koekemoer, Nimish P. Hathi, Christopher N.A. Willmer, Brenda L. Frye, M. Alpaslan, M. L.N. Ashby, T. A. Ashcraft, S. Bonoli, W. Brisken, N. Cappelluti, F. CivanoC. J. Conselice, V. S. Dhillon, S. P. Driver, K. J. Duncan, R. Dupke, M. Elvis, G. G. Fazio, S. L. Finkelstein, H. B. Gim, A. Griffiths, H. B. Hammel, M. Hyun, M. Im, V. R. Jones, D. Kim, B. Ladjelate, R. L. Larson, S. Malhotra, M. A. Marshall, S. N. Milam, J. D.R. Pierel, J. E. Rhoads, S. A. Rodney, H. J.A. Röttgering, M. J. Rutkowski, R. E. Ryan, M. J. Ward, C. W. White, R. J. van Weeren, X. Zhao, J. Summers, J. C.J. D’Silva, R. Ortiz, A. S.G. Robotham, D. Coe, M. Nonino, N. Pirzkal, H. Yan, T. Acharya

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Abstract

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Time-domain Field (TDF) is a >14′ diameter field optimized for multiwavelength time-domain science with JWST. It has been observed across the electromagnetic spectrum both from the ground and from space, including with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). As part of HST observations over three cycles (the “TREASUREHUNT” program), deep images were obtained with the Wide Field Camera on the Advanced Camera for Surveys in F435W and F606W that cover almost the entire JWST NEP TDF. Many of the individual pointings of these programs partially overlap, allowing an initial assessment of the potential of this field for time-domain science with HST and JWST. The cumulative area of overlapping pointings is ∼88 arcmin², with time intervals between individual epochs that range between 1 day and 4+ yr. To a depth of m _AB ≃ 29.5 mag (F606W), we present the discovery of 12 transients and 190 variable candidates. For the variable candidates, we demonstrate that Gaussian statistics are applicable and estimate that ∼80 are false positives. The majority of the transients will be supernovae, although at least two are likely quasars. Most variable candidates are active galactic nuclei (AGNs), where we find 0.42% of the general z ≲ 6 field galaxy population to vary at the ∼3σ level. Based on a 5 yr time frame, this translates into a random supernova areal density of up to ∼0.07 transients arcmin⁻² (∼245 deg⁻²) per epoch and a variable AGN areal density of ∼1.25 variables arcmin⁻² (∼4500 deg⁻²) to these depths.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	19
Journal	Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series
Volume	272
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad3948
State	Published - May 1 2024

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

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O’Brien, R., Jansen, R. A., Grogin, N. A., Cohen, S. H., Smith, B. M., Silver, R. M., Maksym, W. P., Windhorst, R. A., Carleton, T., Koekemoer, A. M., Hathi, N. P., Willmer, C. N. A., Frye, B. L., Alpaslan, M., Ashby, M. L. N., Ashcraft, T. A., Bonoli, S., Brisken, W., Cappelluti, N., ... Acharya, T. (2024). TREASUREHUNT: Transients and Variability Discovered with HST in the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field. Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series, 272(1), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad3948

O’Brien, R, Jansen, RA, Grogin, NA, Cohen, SH, Smith, BM, Silver, RM, Maksym, WP, Windhorst, RA, Carleton, T, Koekemoer, AM, Hathi, NP, Willmer, CNA , Frye, BL, Alpaslan, M, Ashby, MLN, Ashcraft, TA, Bonoli, S, Brisken, W, Cappelluti, N, Civano, F, Conselice, CJ, Dhillon, VS, Driver, SP, Duncan, KJ, Dupke, R, Elvis, M, Fazio, GG, Finkelstein, SL, Gim, HB, Griffiths, A, Hammel, HB, Hyun, M, Im, M, Jones, VR, Kim, D, Ladjelate, B, Larson, RL, Malhotra, S, Marshall, MA, Milam, SN, Pierel, JDR, Rhoads, JE, Rodney, SA, Röttgering, HJA, Rutkowski, MJ, Ryan, RE, Ward, MJ, White, CW, van Weeren, RJ, Zhao, X, Summers, J, D’Silva, JCJ, Ortiz, R, Robotham, ASG, Coe, D, Nonino, M, Pirzkal, N, Yan, H & Acharya, T 2024, 'TREASUREHUNT: Transients and Variability Discovered with HST in the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field', Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series, vol. 272, no. 1, 19. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad3948

@article{f3fe66c286c849fe99ad7b267d057563,

title = "TREASUREHUNT: Transients and Variability Discovered with HST in the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field",

abstract = "The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Time-domain Field (TDF) is a >14′ diameter field optimized for multiwavelength time-domain science with JWST. It has been observed across the electromagnetic spectrum both from the ground and from space, including with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). As part of HST observations over three cycles (the “TREASUREHUNT” program), deep images were obtained with the Wide Field Camera on the Advanced Camera for Surveys in F435W and F606W that cover almost the entire JWST NEP TDF. Many of the individual pointings of these programs partially overlap, allowing an initial assessment of the potential of this field for time-domain science with HST and JWST. The cumulative area of overlapping pointings is ∼88 arcmin2, with time intervals between individual epochs that range between 1 day and 4+ yr. To a depth of m AB ≃ 29.5 mag (F606W), we present the discovery of 12 transients and 190 variable candidates. For the variable candidates, we demonstrate that Gaussian statistics are applicable and estimate that ∼80 are false positives. The majority of the transients will be supernovae, although at least two are likely quasars. Most variable candidates are active galactic nuclei (AGNs), where we find 0.42% of the general z ≲ 6 field galaxy population to vary at the ∼3σ level. Based on a 5 yr time frame, this translates into a random supernova areal density of up to ∼0.07 transients arcmin−2 (∼245 deg−2) per epoch and a variable AGN areal density of ∼1.25 variables arcmin−2 (∼4500 deg−2) to these depths.",

author = "Rosalia O{\textquoteright}Brien and Jansen, {Rolf A.} and Grogin, {Norman A.} and Cohen, {Seth H.} and Smith, {Brent M.} and Silver, {Ross M.} and Maksym, {W. P.} and Windhorst, {Rogier A.} and Timothy Carleton and Koekemoer, {Anton M.} and Hathi, {Nimish P.} and Willmer, {Christopher N.A.} and Frye, {Brenda L.} and M. Alpaslan and Ashby, {M. L.N.} and Ashcraft, {T. A.} and S. Bonoli and W. Brisken and N. Cappelluti and F. Civano and Conselice, {C. J.} and Dhillon, {V. S.} and Driver, {S. P.} and Duncan, {K. J.} and R. Dupke and M. Elvis and Fazio, {G. G.} and Finkelstein, {S. L.} and Gim, {H. B.} and A. Griffiths and Hammel, {H. B.} and M. Hyun and M. Im and Jones, {V. R.} and D. Kim and B. Ladjelate and Larson, {R. L.} and S. Malhotra and Marshall, {M. A.} and Milam, {S. N.} and Pierel, {J. D.R.} and Rhoads, {J. E.} and Rodney, {S. A.} and R{\"o}ttgering, {H. J.A.} and Rutkowski, {M. J.} and Ryan, {R. E.} and Ward, {M. J.} and White, {C. W.} and {van Weeren}, {R. J.} and X. Zhao and J. Summers and D{\textquoteright}Silva, {J. C.J.} and R. Ortiz and Robotham, {A. S.G.} and D. Coe and M. Nonino and N. Pirzkal and H. Yan and T. Acharya",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.",

year = "2024",

month = may,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4365/ad3948",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "272",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series",

issn = "0067-0049",

publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",

number = "1",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - TREASUREHUNT

T2 - Transients and Variability Discovered with HST in the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field

AU - O’Brien, Rosalia

AU - Jansen, Rolf A.

AU - Grogin, Norman A.

AU - Cohen, Seth H.

AU - Smith, Brent M.

AU - Silver, Ross M.

AU - Maksym, W. P.

AU - Windhorst, Rogier A.

AU - Carleton, Timothy

AU - Koekemoer, Anton M.

AU - Hathi, Nimish P.

AU - Willmer, Christopher N.A.

AU - Frye, Brenda L.

AU - Alpaslan, M.

AU - Ashby, M. L.N.

AU - Ashcraft, T. A.

AU - Bonoli, S.

AU - Brisken, W.

AU - Cappelluti, N.

AU - Civano, F.

AU - Conselice, C. J.

AU - Dhillon, V. S.

AU - Driver, S. P.

AU - Duncan, K. J.

AU - Dupke, R.

AU - Elvis, M.

AU - Fazio, G. G.

AU - Finkelstein, S. L.

AU - Gim, H. B.

AU - Griffiths, A.

AU - Hammel, H. B.

AU - Hyun, M.

AU - Im, M.

AU - Jones, V. R.

AU - Kim, D.

AU - Ladjelate, B.

AU - Larson, R. L.

AU - Malhotra, S.

AU - Marshall, M. A.

AU - Milam, S. N.

AU - Pierel, J. D.R.

AU - Rhoads, J. E.

AU - Rodney, S. A.

AU - Röttgering, H. J.A.

AU - Rutkowski, M. J.

AU - Ryan, R. E.

AU - Ward, M. J.

AU - White, C. W.

AU - van Weeren, R. J.

AU - Zhao, X.

AU - Summers, J.

AU - D’Silva, J. C.J.

AU - Ortiz, R.

AU - Robotham, A. S.G.

AU - Coe, D.

AU - Nonino, M.

AU - Pirzkal, N.

AU - Yan, H.

AU - Acharya, T.

PY - 2024/5/1

Y1 - 2024/5/1

N2 - The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Time-domain Field (TDF) is a >14′ diameter field optimized for multiwavelength time-domain science with JWST. It has been observed across the electromagnetic spectrum both from the ground and from space, including with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). As part of HST observations over three cycles (the “TREASUREHUNT” program), deep images were obtained with the Wide Field Camera on the Advanced Camera for Surveys in F435W and F606W that cover almost the entire JWST NEP TDF. Many of the individual pointings of these programs partially overlap, allowing an initial assessment of the potential of this field for time-domain science with HST and JWST. The cumulative area of overlapping pointings is ∼88 arcmin2, with time intervals between individual epochs that range between 1 day and 4+ yr. To a depth of m AB ≃ 29.5 mag (F606W), we present the discovery of 12 transients and 190 variable candidates. For the variable candidates, we demonstrate that Gaussian statistics are applicable and estimate that ∼80 are false positives. The majority of the transients will be supernovae, although at least two are likely quasars. Most variable candidates are active galactic nuclei (AGNs), where we find 0.42% of the general z ≲ 6 field galaxy population to vary at the ∼3σ level. Based on a 5 yr time frame, this translates into a random supernova areal density of up to ∼0.07 transients arcmin−2 (∼245 deg−2) per epoch and a variable AGN areal density of ∼1.25 variables arcmin−2 (∼4500 deg−2) to these depths.

AB - The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Time-domain Field (TDF) is a >14′ diameter field optimized for multiwavelength time-domain science with JWST. It has been observed across the electromagnetic spectrum both from the ground and from space, including with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). As part of HST observations over three cycles (the “TREASUREHUNT” program), deep images were obtained with the Wide Field Camera on the Advanced Camera for Surveys in F435W and F606W that cover almost the entire JWST NEP TDF. Many of the individual pointings of these programs partially overlap, allowing an initial assessment of the potential of this field for time-domain science with HST and JWST. The cumulative area of overlapping pointings is ∼88 arcmin2, with time intervals between individual epochs that range between 1 day and 4+ yr. To a depth of m AB ≃ 29.5 mag (F606W), we present the discovery of 12 transients and 190 variable candidates. For the variable candidates, we demonstrate that Gaussian statistics are applicable and estimate that ∼80 are false positives. The majority of the transients will be supernovae, although at least two are likely quasars. Most variable candidates are active galactic nuclei (AGNs), where we find 0.42% of the general z ≲ 6 field galaxy population to vary at the ∼3σ level. Based on a 5 yr time frame, this translates into a random supernova areal density of up to ∼0.07 transients arcmin−2 (∼245 deg−2) per epoch and a variable AGN areal density of ∼1.25 variables arcmin−2 (∼4500 deg−2) to these depths.

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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85192986542&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4365/ad3948

DO - 10.3847/1538-4365/ad3948

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85192986542

SN - 0067-0049

VL - 272

JO - Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series

JF - Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series

IS - 1

M1 - 19

ER -

TREASUREHUNT: Transients and Variability Discovered with HST in the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field

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