TY - JOUR
T1 - To sink, or not to sink
T2 - The thermal and density structure of the modern northern Andean arc constrained by xenolith petrology
AU - Zieman, Lisa
AU - Ibañez-Mejia, Mauricio
AU - Rooney, Alan D.
AU - Bloch, Elias
AU - Pardo, Natalia
AU - Schoene, Blair
AU - Szymanowski, Dawid
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Mark Behn for kindly providing code and insights for Rayleigh-Taylor instability modeling. We acknowledge support from National Science Foundation (NSF) grants EAR-2131643 (to M. Ibañez-Mejia) and EAR-1926421 (to A. Rooney). L. Zieman thanks the Awards for Geochronology Student Research program for support (NSF grants EAR-1759200 and EAR-1759353). We thank Urs Schaltegger for editorial handling and reviewers Catherine Annen, Mark Behn, and Michel Gregoire for their constructive feedback.
Publisher Copyright:
© (2023), All Rights Reserved.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - The thermal and compositional structure of arcs influence magmatic differentiation and lower-crustal foundering, two key processes impacting the evolution of the continental crust. Although many studies have proposed time scales of lithospheric recycling based on convective downwelling calculations, these models depend on the composition, density (ρ), and thermal structure of the lower crust and mantle, which are difficult to quantify in active continental arcs. Here, we constrained these properties for the Andean Northern Volcanic Zone using direct petrologic observations from a unique suite of lower-crust and mantle xenoliths from Mercaderes, Colombia. Chemical abrasion-isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) U-Pb dates for zircons within the host tuff indicate the xenoliths erupted no earlier than 238 (±19) ka and thus capture a recent snapshot of the arc and subarc mantle. Equilibrium pressure-temperature (P-T) estimates for 81 xenoliths define three distinct thermal domains, interpreted as (1) a steep conductive geothermal gradient in the lower arc crust; (2) a convecting mantle wedge; and (3) cooled mantle in proximity to the subducting slab. Our results indicate the presence of an ~10-14-km-thick, high-density lithospheric root that is ~0.1 g/cm3 denser than the underlying mantle. Unlike records from exhumed paleoarcs, Rayleigh-Taylor instability calculations using our P-T-ρ constraints are unrealistically short for the northern Andes. We suggest the presence of partial melts in this hot arc root as a potential source of buoyancy preventing or significantly slowing down foundering.
AB - The thermal and compositional structure of arcs influence magmatic differentiation and lower-crustal foundering, two key processes impacting the evolution of the continental crust. Although many studies have proposed time scales of lithospheric recycling based on convective downwelling calculations, these models depend on the composition, density (ρ), and thermal structure of the lower crust and mantle, which are difficult to quantify in active continental arcs. Here, we constrained these properties for the Andean Northern Volcanic Zone using direct petrologic observations from a unique suite of lower-crust and mantle xenoliths from Mercaderes, Colombia. Chemical abrasion-isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) U-Pb dates for zircons within the host tuff indicate the xenoliths erupted no earlier than 238 (±19) ka and thus capture a recent snapshot of the arc and subarc mantle. Equilibrium pressure-temperature (P-T) estimates for 81 xenoliths define three distinct thermal domains, interpreted as (1) a steep conductive geothermal gradient in the lower arc crust; (2) a convecting mantle wedge; and (3) cooled mantle in proximity to the subducting slab. Our results indicate the presence of an ~10-14-km-thick, high-density lithospheric root that is ~0.1 g/cm3 denser than the underlying mantle. Unlike records from exhumed paleoarcs, Rayleigh-Taylor instability calculations using our P-T-ρ constraints are unrealistically short for the northern Andes. We suggest the presence of partial melts in this hot arc root as a potential source of buoyancy preventing or significantly slowing down foundering.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85161258000&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85161258000&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1130/G50973.1
DO - 10.1130/G50973.1
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85161258000
SN - 0091-7613
VL - 51
SP - 586
EP - 590
JO - Geology
JF - Geology
IS - 6
ER -