TMEM184B modulates endolysosomal acidification via the vesicular proton pump

Disruption of endolysosomal acidification causes toxic protein accumulation and neuronal dysfunction linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating neuronal endolysosomal pH remain unclear. Transmembrane protein 184B (TMEM184B) is a conserved seven-pass transmembrane protein that is essential for synaptic function, and its sequence disruption is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we identify TMEM184B as a key regulator of endolysosomal acidification. TMEM184B localizes to early and late endosomes, and proteomic analysis confirms that TMEM184B interacts with endosomal proteins, including the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multi-subunit proton pump crucial for lumenal acidification. Tmem184b-mutant mouse cortical neurons have reduced endolysosomal acidification compared to wild-type neurons. We find reductions in V-ATPase complex assembly in Tmem184b-mutant mouse brains, suggesting that TMEM184B facilitates endosomal flux by promoting V-ATPase activity. These findings establish TMEM184B as a regulator of neuronal endolysosomal acidification and provide mechanistic insight into its role in TMEM184B-associated nervous system disorders.