Thermoelectric Performance Study of Graphene Antidot Lattices on Different Substrates

Pristine graphene has low thermoelectric performance due to its ultra-high thermal conductivity and a low Seebeck coefficient, the latter of which results from the zero-band gap of graphene. To improve the thermoelectric performance of graphene-based materials, various methods have been proposed to open a band gap in graphene. Graphene antidot lattices is one of the most effective methods to reach this goal by patterning periodic nano- or sub-1-nm pores (antidots) across graphene. In high-porosity graphene antidot lattices, charge carriers mainly flow through the narrow necks between pores, forming a comparable case as graphene nanoribbons. This will open a geometry-dependent band gap and dramatically increase the Seebeck coefficient. The antidots also strongly scatter phonons, leading to a dramatically reduced lattice thermal conductivity to further enhance the thermoelectric performance. In computations, the thermoelectric figure of merit of a graphene antidot lattices was predicted to be around 1.0 at 300 K but experimental validation is still required. The electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of graphene antidot lattices on various substrates including SiO₂, SiC and hexagonal boron nitride were measured. The antidots were drilled with a focused ion beam or reactive ion etching.