The Role of Landscapes in Insect Resistance Management

In this chapter, we consider impacts of the landscape on resistance management through its effects on abiotic and biotic conditions, behavior of pests, and selection for resistance. For efficient development of IRM, the environment needs to be characterized with respect to the spatial and temporal distribution of the pest, the crop or toxin, refuge habitats, and variation within these elements in space and time. Without an understanding of temporal and spatial variability in natural and human-designed landscapes, resistance management plans will be difficult to implement successfully. First, we highlight how heterogeneity over space influences resistance management; then we emphasize how variability over time affects IRM.