The maximum angular-diameter distance in cosmology

Unlike other observational signatures in cosmology, the angular-diameter distance d_A(z) uniquely reaches a maximum (at z_max) and then shrinks to zero towards the big bang. The location of this turning point depends sensitively on the model, but has been difficult to measure. In this paper, we estimate and use z_max inferred from quasar cores: (1) by employing a sample of 140 objects yielding a much reduced dispersion due to pre-constrained limits on their spectral index and luminosity, (2) by reconstructing d_A(z) using Gaussian processes, and (3) comparing the predictions of seven different cosmologies and showing that the measured value of z_max can effectively discriminate between them. We find that z_max = 1.70 ± 0.20 - an important new probe of the Universe's geometry. The most strongly favoured model is R_h = ct, followed by PlanckΛCDM. Several others, including Milne, Einstein-de Sitter, and Static tired light are strongly rejected. According to these results, the R_h = ct universe, which predicts z_max = 1.718, has a ~92.8 per cent probability of being the correct cosmology. For consistency, we also carry out model selection based on d_A(z) itself. This test confirms that R_h = ct and PlanckΛCDM are among the few models that account for angular-size data better than those that are disfavoured by z_max. The d_A(z) comparison, however, is less discerning than that with z_max, due to the additional free parameter, H₀.We find that H₀ = 63.4 ± 1.2 km s^-1 Mpc^-1 for R_h = ct, and 69.9 ± 1.5 km s^-1 Mpc^-1 for ΛCDM. Both are consistent with previously measured values in each model, though they differ from each other by over 4σ. In contrast, model selection based on z_max is independent of H₀.