Abstract
We present a map of the total intrinsic reddening across ≃34 deg2 of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) derived using optical (ugriz) and near-infrared (IR; YJKs) spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of background galaxies. The reddening map is created using a subsample of 29 274 galaxies with low levels of intrinsic reddening based on the LEPHARE χ2 minimization SED-fitting routine. We find statistically significant enhanced levels of reddening associated with the main body of the SMC compared with regions in the outskirts [ΔE(B - V) ≃ 0.3mag]. A comparison with literature reddening maps of the SMC shows that, after correcting for differences in the volume of the SMC sampled, there is good agreement between our results and maps created using young stars. In contrast, we find significant discrepancies between our results and maps created using old stars or based on longer wavelength far-IR dust emission that could stem from biased samples in the former and uncertainties in the far-IR emissivity and the optical properties of the dust grains in the latter. This study represents one of the first large-scale categorizations of extragalactic sources behind the SMC and as such we provide the LEPHARE outputs for our full sample of ~500 000 sources.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 993-1004 |
| Number of pages | 12 |
| Journal | Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |
| Volume | 499 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Nov 1 2020 |
Keywords
- Dust, extinction
- Galaxies: ISM-Magellanic Clouds
- Galaxies: photometry
- Surveys
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science
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The intrinsic reddening of the Magellanic Clouds as traced by background galaxies - II. The Small Magellanic Cloud. / Bell, Cameron P.M.; Cioni, Maria Rosa L.; Wright, A. H. et al.
In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 499, No. 1, 01.11.2020, p. 993-1004.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - The intrinsic reddening of the Magellanic Clouds as traced by background galaxies - II. The Small Magellanic Cloud
AU - Bell, Cameron P.M.
AU - Cioni, Maria Rosa L.
AU - Wright, A. H.
AU - Rubele, Stefano
AU - Nidever, David L.
AU - Tatton, Ben L.
AU - Van Loon, Jacco Th
AU - Zaritsky, Dennis
AU - Choi, Yumi
AU - Choudhury, Samyaday
AU - Clementini, Gisella
AU - De Grijs, Richard
AU - Ivanov, Valentin D.
AU - Majewski, Steven R.
AU - Marconi, Marcella
AU - Martínez-Delgado, David
AU - Massana, Pol
AU - Mu, Ricardo R.Ñoz
AU - Niederhofer, Florian
AU - Noël, Noelia E.D.
AU - Oliveira, Joana M.
AU - Olsen, Knut
AU - Pennock, Clara M.
AU - Ripepi, V.
AU - Subramanian, Smitha
AU - Vivas, A. Katherina
N1 - Funding Information: This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 682115). SR acknowledges support from the ERC consolidator grant project STARKEY (grant agreement no. 615604). YC acknowledges support from NSF grant AST 1655677. DMD acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry for Science, Innovation and Universities and FEDER funds through grant AYA2016-81065-C2-2, the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the ‘Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa’ award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709) and from grant PGC2018-095049-B-C21. RRM acknowledges partial support from project BASAL AFB-170002 as well as FONDECYT project no. 1170364. SS acknowledges support from the Science and Engineering Research Board, India through a Ramanujan Fellowship. The authors would like to thank the Cambridge Astronomy Survey Unit (CASU) and the Wide Field Astronomy Unit (WFAU) in Edinburgh for providing the necessary data products under the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) in the U.K. The authors would also like to thank K. Gordon and J. Roman-Duval for discussions related to the use of the HERITAGE dust maps. The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the referee, Geoff Clayton, who provided several comments that improved the manuscript. This study was based on observations made with VISTA at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 179.B-2003. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the STFC, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundac¸ão Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovacão, the Deutsche Forschungsgemein-schaft, and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Enérgeticas, Medioambientales y Tec-nológicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the University of Nottingham, the Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. Based on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO Prop. ID: 2013A-0411 and 2013B-0440; PI: Nide-ver), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. Finally, this project has made extensive use of the Tool for OPerations on Catalogues And Tables (TOPCAT) software package (Taylor 2005) as well as the following open-source PYTHON packages: Astropy (The Astropy Collaboration 2018), MATPLOTLIB (Hunter 2007), NUMPY (Oliphant 2015), PANDAS (McKinney 2010), and SCIPY (Virtanen et al. 2020). Funding Information: This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 682115). SR acknowledges support from the ERC consolidator grant project STARKEY(grant agreement no. 615604).YC acknowledges support fromNSF grantAST 1655677.DMDacknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry for Science, Innovation and Universities and FEDER funds through grant AYA2016-81065-C2-2, the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the 'Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa' award for the Instituto de Astrof?sica de Andaluc?a (SEV-2017-0709) and from grant PGC2018-095049- B-C21. RRM acknowledges partial support from project BASAL AFB-170002 as well as FONDECYT project no. 1170364. SS acknowledges support from the Science and Engineering Research Board, India through a Ramanujan Fellowship. The authors would like to thank the Cambridge Astronomy Survey Unit (CASU) and theWide Field Astronomy Unit (WFAU) in Edinburgh for providing the necessary data products under the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) in theU.K. The authorswould also like to thank K. Gordon and J. Roman-Duval for discussions related to the use of the HERITAGE dust maps. The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the referee, Geoff Clayton, who provided several comments that improved the manuscript. This study was based on observations made with VISTA at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 179.B-2003. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the STFC, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico and the Minist?rio da Ci?ncia, Tecnologia e Inovac?o, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones En?rgeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol?gicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgen?ssische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Z?rich, Fermi NationalAccelerator Laboratory, theUniversity of Illinois atUrbana- Champaign, the Institut de Ci?ncies de l'Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de F?sica d'Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universit?t M?nchen and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the University of Nottingham, the Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. Based on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO Prop. ID: 2013A-0411 and 2013B-0440; PI: Nidever), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. Finally, this project has made extensive use of the Tool for OPerations on Catalogues And Tables (TOPCAT) software package (Taylor 2005) as well as the following open-source PYTHON packages: Astropy (The Astropy Collaboration 2018), MATPLOTLIB (Hunter 2007), NUMPY (Oliphant 2015), PANDAS (McKinney 2010), and SCIPY (Virtanen et al. 2020). Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s).
PY - 2020/11/1
Y1 - 2020/11/1
N2 - We present a map of the total intrinsic reddening across ≃34 deg2 of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) derived using optical (ugriz) and near-infrared (IR; YJKs) spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of background galaxies. The reddening map is created using a subsample of 29 274 galaxies with low levels of intrinsic reddening based on the LEPHARE χ2 minimization SED-fitting routine. We find statistically significant enhanced levels of reddening associated with the main body of the SMC compared with regions in the outskirts [ΔE(B - V) ≃ 0.3mag]. A comparison with literature reddening maps of the SMC shows that, after correcting for differences in the volume of the SMC sampled, there is good agreement between our results and maps created using young stars. In contrast, we find significant discrepancies between our results and maps created using old stars or based on longer wavelength far-IR dust emission that could stem from biased samples in the former and uncertainties in the far-IR emissivity and the optical properties of the dust grains in the latter. This study represents one of the first large-scale categorizations of extragalactic sources behind the SMC and as such we provide the LEPHARE outputs for our full sample of ~500 000 sources.
AB - We present a map of the total intrinsic reddening across ≃34 deg2 of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) derived using optical (ugriz) and near-infrared (IR; YJKs) spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of background galaxies. The reddening map is created using a subsample of 29 274 galaxies with low levels of intrinsic reddening based on the LEPHARE χ2 minimization SED-fitting routine. We find statistically significant enhanced levels of reddening associated with the main body of the SMC compared with regions in the outskirts [ΔE(B - V) ≃ 0.3mag]. A comparison with literature reddening maps of the SMC shows that, after correcting for differences in the volume of the SMC sampled, there is good agreement between our results and maps created using young stars. In contrast, we find significant discrepancies between our results and maps created using old stars or based on longer wavelength far-IR dust emission that could stem from biased samples in the former and uncertainties in the far-IR emissivity and the optical properties of the dust grains in the latter. This study represents one of the first large-scale categorizations of extragalactic sources behind the SMC and as such we provide the LEPHARE outputs for our full sample of ~500 000 sources.
KW - Dust, extinction
KW - Galaxies: ISM-Magellanic Clouds
KW - Galaxies: photometry
KW - Surveys
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85098538131&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85098538131&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1093/mnras/staa2786
DO - 10.1093/mnras/staa2786
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85098538131
VL - 499
SP - 993
EP - 1004
JO - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
SN - 0035-8711
IS - 1
ER -