@article{01afb7eaefc44b5da4982e4fd55a5e19,
title = "The framing of games and the psychology of play",
abstract = "Psychological game theory can provide rational-choice-based framing effects; frames influence beliefs, beliefs influence motivations. We explain this theoretically and explore empirical relevance experimentally. In a 2×2 design of one-shot public good games we show that frames affect subject's first- and second-order beliefs and contributions. From a psychological game-theoretic framework we derive two mutually compatible hypotheses about guilt aversion and reciprocity under which contributions are related to second- and first-order beliefs, respectively. Our results are consistent with either.",
keywords = "Framing, Guilt aversion, Psychological game theory, Public good games, Reciprocity, Voluntary cooperation",
author = "Martin Dufwenberg and Simon G{\"a}chter and Heike Hennig-Schmidt",
note = "Funding Information: This paper is part of the MacArthur Foundation Network on Economic Environments and the Evolution of Individual Preferences and Social Norms. Support from the EU-TMR Research Network ENDEAR (FMRX-CT98-0238) and the University of St. Gallen Grundlagenforschungsfonds is gratefully acknowledged. Part of the research was done when Martin Dufwenberg visited Bonn University on a F.W. Bessel Research Award from the Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation and part when he later on was supported by the NSF. Simon G{\"a}chter is grateful for the hospitality he enjoyed at the Institute of Advanced Studies at Hebrew University (Jerusalem) while working on this paper. We thank Christian Th{\"o}ni for very helpful research assistance. We are grateful for comments from Pierpaolo Battigalli, Colin Camerer, Gary Charness, Glenn Harrison, Eva Poen, Lisa Rutstr{\"o}m, Arthur Schram, Martin Sefton, Jean-Robert Tyran, Manuela Vieth, and many seminar participants. Finally, our thanks go to an anonymous referee for many helpful comments and suggestions.",
year = "2011",
month = nov,
doi = "10.1016/j.geb.2011.02.003",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "73",
pages = "459--478",
journal = "Games and Economic Behavior",
issn = "0899-8256",
publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",
number = "2",
}