TY - JOUR
T1 - The 2023 terahertz science and technology roadmap
AU - Leitenstorfer, Alfred
AU - Moskalenko, Andrey S.
AU - Kampfrath, Tobias
AU - Kono, Junichiro
AU - Castro-Camus, Enrique
AU - Peng, Kun
AU - Qureshi, Naser
AU - Turchinovich, Dmitry
AU - Tanaka, Koichiro
AU - Markelz, Andrea G.
AU - Havenith, Martina
AU - Hough, Cameron
AU - Joyce, Hannah J.
AU - Padilla, Willie J.
AU - Zhou, Binbin
AU - Kim, Ki Yong
AU - Zhang, Xi Cheng
AU - Jepsen, Peter Uhd
AU - Dhillon, Sukhdeep
AU - Vitiello, Miriam
AU - Linfield, Edmund
AU - Davies, A. Giles
AU - Hoffmann, Matthias C.
AU - Lewis, Roger
AU - Tonouchi, Masayoshi
AU - Klarskov, Pernille
AU - Seifert, Tom S.
AU - Gerasimenko, Yaroslav A.
AU - Mihailovic, Dragan
AU - Huber, Rupert
AU - Boland, Jessica L.
AU - Mitrofanov, Oleg
AU - Dean, Paul
AU - Ellison, Brian N.
AU - Huggard, Peter G.
AU - Rea, Simon P.
AU - Walker, Christopher
AU - Leisawitz, David T.
AU - Gao, Jian Rong
AU - Li, Chong
AU - Chen, Qin
AU - Valušis, Gintaras
AU - Wallace, Vincent P.
AU - Pickwell-MacPherson, Emma
AU - Shang, Xiaobang
AU - Hesler, Jeffrey
AU - Ridler, Nick
AU - Renaud, Cyril C.
AU - Kallfass, Ingmar
AU - Nagatsuma, Tadao
AU - Zeitler, J. Axel
AU - Arnone, Don
AU - Johnston, Michael B.
AU - Cunningham, John
N1 - Funding Information:
Professor Cyril Renaud acknowledges funding from the UKRI (EP/R042578, P021859, P003990/1) and the EU (761579, 956857), and Professor Tadao Nagatsuma acknowledges funding from MIC (SCOPE 195010002) and NICT (Beyond 5G Promotion Project 00901), and Professor Kallfass acknowledges funding from DFG (KA 3062/15-1), BMBF (16KISK019) and EU (814523).
Funding Information:
T K acknowledges funding by the DFG Collaborative Research Center TRR 227 ‘Ultrafast spin dynamics’ (project ID 328545488, projects B02, A05 and B05), the DFG priority program SPP2314 INTEREST (project ITISA), and the ERC H2020 through Projects CoG TERAMAG/Grant No. 681917. T K also acknowledges financial support from the Horizon 2020 Framework Program of the European Commission under FET-Open Grant No. 863155 (s-Nebula). J K acknowledges support from the U.S. Army Research Office (Grant No. W911NF-17-1-0259) and the National Science Foundation through the Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials: an NSF MRSEC under Cooperative Agreement No. DMR-1720595.
Funding Information:
T S S acknowledges funding by the DFG Collaborative Research Center TRR 227 ‘Ultrafast spin dynamics’ (Project ID 328545488, Project A05). MT acknowledges funding by JSPS KAKENHI, Grant Number 18KK0140. P K acknowledges funding from the Innovation Fund Denmark (Project No. 0177–00035B, RePlast) and the Independent Research Fund Denmark (Project No. 1032–00309B, OpSky).
Funding Information:
V P W is supported by the Australian Research Council via a Future Fellowship award (Project Number FT180100683) funded by the Australian Government. E P M is with the University of Warwick and is supported by a Royal Society Wolfson Award, Cancer Research UK, and EPSRC funding (Projects EP/S021442/1 and EP/V047914/1).
Funding Information:
M C H is supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Award No. 2018-SLAC-100499-Funding.
Funding Information:
This research of University of Rochester is supported by the Army Research Office [Grant No. W911NF-17-1-0428], Air Force Office of Scientific Research [Grant No. FA9550-18-1-0357], and National Science Foundation [Grant No. ECCS-1916068]. The research at DTU is supported by Innovation Fund Denmark [Project No. 8057-00010B, TRIM], Danish National Research Foundation [Project No. DNRF103, CNG], Velux Foundation [Project No. 00023215, THz-HANDSHAKE], and Independent Research Fund Denmark (Project No. Danish National Research Foundation [Project No. 9040-00360B, ULTRA-TED].
Funding Information:
A G M acknowledges funding by National Science Foundation (DBI 1556359 and MCB 1616529); U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0016317). M H acknowledges funding by the ERC Advanced Grant 695437 ‘“THz Calorimetry”’, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy–EXC 2033–390677874–RESOLV, and the MERCUR Project Pe-2016-0048. We acknowledge Prof. Matthias Heyden and Prof. Joerg Tatzelt for providing pictures.
Funding Information:
D T acknowledges the financial support from European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 964 735 EXTREME-IR), and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the Project 468 501 411–SPP2314 INTEGRATECH under the framework of the priority programme SPP2314—INTEREST.
Funding Information:
H J J gratefully acknowledges funding from ERC Starting Grant ACrossWire (Grant No. 716471). W J P acknowledges support from the US Department of Energy (DOE) (DESC0014372).
Funding Information:
P D and O M acknowledge support from the EPSRC Programme Grant ‘HyperTerahertz’ (EP/P021859/1). J L B acknowledges support from EPSRC via EP/S037438/1 and the NAME Programme Grant (EP/V001914/1) and UKRI via MR/T022140/1. She also thanks the Leverhulme Trust for funding via Philip Leverhulme Prize. The authors are grateful to Tom Siday, who provided graphics for figure .
Funding Information:
The authors acknowledge support for THz technology development from the STFC Centre for Instrumentation and the UKSA Centre for Earth Observation Instrumentation.
Funding Information:
Financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Grant Numbers HU1598/8 and HU1598/9 is gratefully acknowledged.
Funding Information:
Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)—Project No. 425217212—SFB 1432. A S M is also supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (2020R1A2C1008500).
Funding Information:
E C C would like to acknowledge the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for financial support through an Experienced Researcher Fellowship and the Philipps-Universtiät Marburg through a Guest Professorship. N Q acknowledges support from PAPIIT, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México IG100521.
Funding Information:
S S D acknowledges funding from European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 964735 (FET-OPEN EXTREME-IR). M S V acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council (681379, SPRINT). E H L and A G D acknowledge financial support from the EPSRC (‘HyperTerahertz’, EP/P021859/1).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd
PY - 2023/6/1
Y1 - 2023/6/1
N2 - Terahertz (THz) radiation encompasses a wide spectral range within the electromagnetic spectrum that extends from microwaves to the far infrared (100 GHz-∼30 THz). Within its frequency boundaries exist a broad variety of scientific disciplines that have presented, and continue to present, technical challenges to researchers. During the past 50 years, for instance, the demands of the scientific community have substantially evolved and with a need for advanced instrumentation to support radio astronomy, Earth observation, weather forecasting, security imaging, telecommunications, non-destructive device testing and much more. Furthermore, applications have required an emergence of technology from the laboratory environment to production-scale supply and in-the-field deployments ranging from harsh ground-based locations to deep space. In addressing these requirements, the research and development community has advanced related technology and bridged the transition between electronics and photonics that high frequency operation demands. The multidisciplinary nature of THz work was our stimulus for creating the 2017 THz Science and Technology Roadmap (Dhillon et al 2017 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 043001). As one might envisage, though, there remains much to explore both scientifically and technically and the field has continued to develop and expand rapidly. It is timely, therefore, to revise our previous roadmap and in this 2023 version we both provide an update on key developments in established technical areas that have important scientific and public benefit, and highlight new and emerging areas that show particular promise. The developments that we describe thus span from fundamental scientific research, such as THz astronomy and the emergent area of THz quantum optics, to highly applied and commercially and societally impactful subjects that include 6G THz communications, medical imaging, and climate monitoring and prediction. Our Roadmap vision draws upon the expertise and perspective of multiple international specialists that together provide an overview of past developments and the likely challenges facing the field of THz science and technology in future decades. The document is written in a form that is accessible to policy makers who wish to gain an overview of the current state of the THz art, and for the non-specialist and curious who wish to understand available technology and challenges. A such, our experts deliver a ‘snapshot’ introduction to the current status of the field and provide suggestions for exciting future technical development directions. Ultimately, we intend the Roadmap to portray the advantages and benefits of the THz domain and to stimulate further exploration of the field in support of scientific research and commercial realisation.
AB - Terahertz (THz) radiation encompasses a wide spectral range within the electromagnetic spectrum that extends from microwaves to the far infrared (100 GHz-∼30 THz). Within its frequency boundaries exist a broad variety of scientific disciplines that have presented, and continue to present, technical challenges to researchers. During the past 50 years, for instance, the demands of the scientific community have substantially evolved and with a need for advanced instrumentation to support radio astronomy, Earth observation, weather forecasting, security imaging, telecommunications, non-destructive device testing and much more. Furthermore, applications have required an emergence of technology from the laboratory environment to production-scale supply and in-the-field deployments ranging from harsh ground-based locations to deep space. In addressing these requirements, the research and development community has advanced related technology and bridged the transition between electronics and photonics that high frequency operation demands. The multidisciplinary nature of THz work was our stimulus for creating the 2017 THz Science and Technology Roadmap (Dhillon et al 2017 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 043001). As one might envisage, though, there remains much to explore both scientifically and technically and the field has continued to develop and expand rapidly. It is timely, therefore, to revise our previous roadmap and in this 2023 version we both provide an update on key developments in established technical areas that have important scientific and public benefit, and highlight new and emerging areas that show particular promise. The developments that we describe thus span from fundamental scientific research, such as THz astronomy and the emergent area of THz quantum optics, to highly applied and commercially and societally impactful subjects that include 6G THz communications, medical imaging, and climate monitoring and prediction. Our Roadmap vision draws upon the expertise and perspective of multiple international specialists that together provide an overview of past developments and the likely challenges facing the field of THz science and technology in future decades. The document is written in a form that is accessible to policy makers who wish to gain an overview of the current state of the THz art, and for the non-specialist and curious who wish to understand available technology and challenges. A such, our experts deliver a ‘snapshot’ introduction to the current status of the field and provide suggestions for exciting future technical development directions. Ultimately, we intend the Roadmap to portray the advantages and benefits of the THz domain and to stimulate further exploration of the field in support of scientific research and commercial realisation.
KW - photonics
KW - spectroscopy
KW - terahertz
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85152139750&partnerID=8YFLogxK
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U2 - 10.1088/1361-6463/acbe4c
DO - 10.1088/1361-6463/acbe4c
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85152139750
SN - 0022-3727
VL - 56
JO - Journal Physics D: Applied Physics
JF - Journal Physics D: Applied Physics
IS - 22
M1 - 223001
ER -