The 0.8-14.5 μm Spectra of mid-L to mid-T dwarfs: Diagnostics of effective temperature, grain sedimentation, gas transport, and surface gravity

We present new 5.2-14.5 μm low-resolution spectra of 14 mid-L to mid-T dwarfs. We also present new 3.0-4.1 μm spectra for five of these dwarfs. These data are supplemented by existing red and near-infrared spectra (0.6-2.5μm), as well as red through mid-infrared spectroscopy of seven other L and T dwarfs presented by Cushing etal. We compare these spectra to those generated from the model atmospheres of Saumon & Marley. The models reproduce the observed spectra well, except in the case of one very red L3.5 dwarf, 2MASS J22244381-0158521. The broad wavelength coverage allows us to constrain almost independently the four parameters used to describe these photospheres in our models: effective temperature (T _eff), surface gravity, grain sedimentation efficiency (f _sed), and vertical gas transport efficiency (K_zz ). The CH₄ bands centered at 2.2, 3.3, and 7.65 μm and the CO band at 2.3 μm are sensitive to K _zz , and indicates that chemical mixing is important in all L and T dwarf atmospheres. The sample of L3.5 to T5.5 dwarfs spans the range 1800 K≳ T _eff ≳1000 K, with an L-T transition (spectral types L7 to T4) that lies between 1400 and 1100 K for dwarfs with typical near-infrared colors; bluer and redder dwarfs can be 100 K warmer or cooler, respectively, when using infrared spectral types. When using optical spectral types, the bluer dwarfs have more typical T _eff values as they tend to have earlier optical spectral types. In this model analysis, f _sed increases rapidly between types T0 and T4, indicating that increased sedimentation can explain the rapid disappearance of clouds at this stage of brown dwarf evolution. There is a suggestion that the transition to dust-free atmospheres happens at lower temperatures for lower gravity dwarfs.