Temperature anisotropy instabilities of solar wind electrons with regularized kappa-halos resolved with ALPS

Space plasmas in various astrophysical setups can often be both very hot and dilute, making them highly susceptible to waves and fluctuations, which are generally self-generated and maintained by kinetic instabilities. In this sense, we have in situ observational evidence from the solar wind and planetary environments, which reveal not only wave fluctuations at kinetic scales of electrons and protons but also non-equilibrium distributions of particle velocities. This paper reports on the progress made in achieving a consistent modeling of the instabilities generated by temperature anisotropy, taking concrete examples of those induced by anisotropic electrons, such as electromagnetic electron-cyclotron (whistler) and firehose instabilities. The effects of the two main electron populations, the quasi-thermal core and the suprathermal halo indicated by the observations, are thus captured. The low-energy core is bi-Maxwellian, and the halo is described for the first time by a regularized (bi-) κ -distribution (RKD), which was recently introduced to fix inconsistencies of standard κ -distributions. In the absence of an analytical RKD dispersion kinetic formalism (involving tedious and laborious derivations), both the dispersion and (in)stability properties are directly solved numerically using the numerical Arbitrary Linear Plasma Solver (ALPS). The results have an increased degree of confidence, considering the successful testing of the ALPS on previous results with established distributions.