@article{3655ff5951374f11b9935dc3f54919b7,
title = "Surface-Activated Corrosion in Tin-Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells",
abstract = "Mixed tin-lead halide perovskite solar cells have promising power conversion efficiencies, but long-term stability is still a challenge. Herein we examine the stability of a 60:40 tin-lead perovskite to better understand diminished device performance upon thermal treatment, both in ambient and inert atmosphere. Operando X-ray diffraction shows a stable bulk structure of the perovskite absorber, leading to the hypothesis that surface chemistry dominates the degradation mechanism. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals two new observations post-thermal annealing that accompany previously reported Sn4+ evolution: (i) the formation of I3- intermediates preceding I2 loss at the surface and (ii) evidence of under-coordinated tin and lead surface sites (Snδ<2+ and Pbδ<2+, respectively) in inert and ambient conditions. These two species indicate an activated corrosion (i.e., both oxidation and reduction) process at the surface as a possible chemical pathway for degradation, which is expected to be accelerated under operando voltage and light biases. ",
author = "Mundt, {Laura E.} and Jinhui Tong and Palmstrom, {Axel F.} and Dunfield, {Sean P.} and Kai Zhu and Berry, {Joseph J.} and Schelhas, {Laura T.} and Ratcliff, {Erin L.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Solar Energy Technology Office (SETO) of the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) award for the Derisking Halide Perovskite Solar Cells project at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308 managed and operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. This project was partially supported by the Office of Naval Research under Award Number N00014-17-1-2525 (E.L.R.) and Award Number N00014191P0005 (J.J.B.). The use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02- 76SF00515. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} ",
year = "2020",
month = nov,
day = "13",
doi = "10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01445",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "5",
pages = "3344--3351",
journal = "ACS Energy Letters",
issn = "2380-8195",
publisher = "American Chemical Society",
number = "11",
}