Suppression of apoptosis in the protein kinase Cδ null mouse in vivo

Protein kinase C (PKC) δ is an essential regulator of mitochondrial dependent apoptosis in epithelial cells. We have used the PKCδ ^-/- mouse to ask if loss of PKCδ protects salivary glands against γ-irradiation-induced apoptosis in vivo and to explore the mechanism underlying protection from apoptosis. We show that γ-irradiation in vivo results in a robust induction of apoptosis in the parotid glands of wild type mice, whereas apoptosis is suppressed by greater than 60% in the parotid glands of PKCδ^-/- mice. Primary parotid cells from PKCδ^-/- mice are defective in mitochondrial dependent apoptosis as indicated by suppression of etoposide-induced cytochrome c release, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and caspase-3 activation. Notably, apoptotic responsiveness can be restored by re-introduction of PKCδ by adenoviral transduction. Etoposide and γ-irradiation-induced activation of p53 is similar in primary parotid cells and parotid glands from PKCδ^+/+ and PKCδ^-/- mice, indicating that PKCδ functions downstream of the DNA damage response. In contrast, activation of the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase is reduced in primary parotid cells from PKCδ^-/- cells and in parotid C5 cells, which express a dominant inhibitory mutant of PKCδ. Similarly, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase activation is suppressed in vivo in γ-irradiated parotid glands from PKCδ^-/- mice. These studies indicate an essential role for PKCδ downstream of the p53 response and upstream of the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase activation in DNA damage-induced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro.