Structure-activity relationships of cyclic lactam analogues of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) targeting the human melanocortin-3 receptor

A variety of dicarboxylic acid linkers introduced between the α-amino group of Pro⁶ and the ε-amino group of Lys¹⁰ of the cyclic lactam α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-derived Pro⁶-D-Phe⁷/D-Nal(2′)⁷-Arg ⁸-Trp⁹-Lys¹⁰-NH₂ pentapeptide template lead to nanomolar range and selective hMC3R agonists and antagonists. Replacement of the Pro⁶ residue and the dicarboxylic acid linker with 2,3-pyrazine-dicarboxylic acid furnished a highly selective nanomolar range hMC3R partial agonist (analogue 12, c[CO-2,3-pyrazine-CO-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]- NH₂, EC₅₀ = 27 nM, 70% max cAMP) and an hMC3R antagonist (analogue 13, c[CO-2,3-pyrazine-CO-D-Nal(2′)-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH₂, IC₅₀ = 23 nM). Modeling experiments suggest that 2,3- pyrazinedicarboxylic acid stabilizes a β-turn-like structure with the D-Phe/D-Nal(2′) residues, which explains the high potency of the corresponding peptides. Placement of a Nle residue in position 6 produced a hMC3R/hMC5R antagonist (analogue 15, c[CO-(CH₂)₂-CO-Nle-D- Nal(2′)-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH₂, IC₅₀ = 12 and 17 nM, respectively), similarly to the previously described cyclic γ-melanocyte- stimulating hormone (γ-MSH)-derived hMC3R/hMC5R antagonists. These newly developed melanotropins will serve as critical biochemical tools for elucidating the full spectrum of functions performed by the physiologically important melanocortin-3 receptor.