TY - JOUR
T1 - Social rhythm regularity moderates the relationship between sleep disruption and depressive symptoms in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder
AU - Boland, Elaine M.
AU - Goldschmied, Jennifer R.
AU - Kelly, Monica R.
AU - Perkins, Suzanne
AU - Gehrman, Philip R.
AU - Haynes, Patricia L.
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding for this research was supported by Department of Defense under Grant W81XWH-08-2-0121 (PI: Haynes) and American Sleep Medicine Foundation under Grant 37-CA-06 (PI: Haynes). Analysis and presentation of this research supported by: Department of Veterans Affairs under Grant IK2-CX001501 (PI: Boland) and National Institute of Mental Health under Grant R01 MH107571 (PI: Gehrman). The contents of this manuscript are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the US government.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - Approximately 50% to 80% of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also meet criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). Sleep disturbance is a major concern in both PTSD and MDD, and is associated with poor treatment response, poor functional outcome and increased suicide risk. Social rhythm regularity, or the consistency of daily habitual behaviors, is theoretically linked to circadian rhythms and may be disturbed in both PTSD and MDD. The present study examined the relationship between social rhythm regularity, sleep disruption and MDD and PTSD symptoms in a sample of veterans with comorbid PTSD and MDD. Baseline data were obtained from 56 male veterans who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD and MDD. Veterans completed the Social Rhythm Metric (SRM), a self-report questionnaire that assesses the regularity of routines by determining how regularly individuals completed 17 different types of activities. In a linear regression model, increased minutes awake after sleep onset (WASO) was a significant predictor of increased depression scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (p <.05). SRM scores did not significantly predict depressive symptoms, however the interaction of WASO and SRM significantly predicted depressive symptoms (p = <.05), with significant relationships found at SRM scores less than 3.62. Neither minutes awake after sleep onset, SRM scores, nor their interaction was associated with PTSD symptom severity. Social and possibly circadian rhythm regularity may represent a risk or resilience factor for individuals with comorbid PTSD and MDD. Findings highlight the importance of exploring the interactions of sleep and social/circadian rhythms in depression in order to inform continued treatment development.
AB - Approximately 50% to 80% of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also meet criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). Sleep disturbance is a major concern in both PTSD and MDD, and is associated with poor treatment response, poor functional outcome and increased suicide risk. Social rhythm regularity, or the consistency of daily habitual behaviors, is theoretically linked to circadian rhythms and may be disturbed in both PTSD and MDD. The present study examined the relationship between social rhythm regularity, sleep disruption and MDD and PTSD symptoms in a sample of veterans with comorbid PTSD and MDD. Baseline data were obtained from 56 male veterans who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD and MDD. Veterans completed the Social Rhythm Metric (SRM), a self-report questionnaire that assesses the regularity of routines by determining how regularly individuals completed 17 different types of activities. In a linear regression model, increased minutes awake after sleep onset (WASO) was a significant predictor of increased depression scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (p <.05). SRM scores did not significantly predict depressive symptoms, however the interaction of WASO and SRM significantly predicted depressive symptoms (p = <.05), with significant relationships found at SRM scores less than 3.62. Neither minutes awake after sleep onset, SRM scores, nor their interaction was associated with PTSD symptom severity. Social and possibly circadian rhythm regularity may represent a risk or resilience factor for individuals with comorbid PTSD and MDD. Findings highlight the importance of exploring the interactions of sleep and social/circadian rhythms in depression in order to inform continued treatment development.
KW - Social rhythms
KW - major depression
KW - posttraumatic stress disorder
KW - sleep disturbance
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U2 - 10.1080/07420528.2019.1644344
DO - 10.1080/07420528.2019.1644344
M3 - Article
C2 - 31368369
AN - SCOPUS:85070315464
SN - 0742-0528
VL - 36
SP - 1429
EP - 1438
JO - Chronobiology International
JF - Chronobiology International
IS - 10
ER -