Sevoflurane protects against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice via the transforming growth factor-β₁ pathway

We previously demonstrated that several clinically utilized volatile anesthetics including sevoflurane protected against renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury by reducing necrosis and inflammation in vivo. We also demonstrated that volatile anesthetics produced direct anti-necrotic and anti-inflammatory effects in cultured renal tubules via mechanisms involving the externalization of phosphatidylserine and subsequent release of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β₁. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that volatile anesthetic-mediated renal protection requires TGF-β₁ and SMAD3 signaling in vivo. We subjected TGF-β₁+/+, TGF- β₁+/-, SMAD3+/+, or SMAD3-/- mice to renal IR under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium or with sevoflurane. Although TGF-β₁+/ + and SMAD3+/+ mice were significantly protected against renal IR injury under sevoflurane anesthesia with reduced necrosis and inflammation, TGF-β₁+/- mice and SMAD3-/- mice were not protected against renal IR with sevoflurane. Furthermore, a neutralizing TGF-β₁ antibody blocked renal protection with sevoflurane in TGF-β₁+/+ mice. Sevoflurane caused nuclear translocation of SMAD3 and reduced the TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB in primary cultures of proximal tubules from TGF-β₁+/+ but not in TGF- β₁+/- mice. Finally, sevoflurane protected against necrosis induced with hydrogen peroxide in primary cultures of proximal tubules from TGF-β₁+/+ mice or SMAD3+/+ mice but not in proximal tubules from TGF-β₁+/- or SMAD3-/- mice. Therefore, we demonstrate in this study that sevoflurane-mediated renal protection in vivo requires the TGF-β₁→SMAD3 signaling pathway.