TY - JOUR
T1 - Salivary antimicrobial proteins and stress biomarkers are elevated during a 6-month mission to the International Space Station
AU - Agha, Nadia H.
AU - Baker, Forrest L.
AU - Kunz, Hawley E.
AU - Spielmann, Guillaume
AU - Mylabathula, Preteesh L.
AU - Rooney, Bridgette V.
AU - Mehta, Satish K.
AU - Pierson, Duane L.
AU - Laughlin, Mitzi S.
AU - Markofski, Melissa M.
AU - Crucian, Brian E.
AU - Simpson, Richard J.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 American Physiological Society. All rights reserved.
PY - 2020
Y1 - 2020
N2 - As the international space community plans for manned missions to Mars, spaceflight-associated immune dysregulation has been identified as a potential risk to the health and safety of the flight crew. There is a need to determine whether salivary antimicrobial proteins, which act as a first line of innate immune defense against multiple pathogens, are altered in response to long-duration (>6 mo) missions. We collected 7 consecutive days of whole and sublingual saliva samples from eight International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers and seven ground-based control subjects at nine mission time points, ∼180 and ∼60 days before launch (L-180/L-60), on orbit at flight days ∼10 and ∼90 (FD10/FD90) and ∼1 day before return (R-1), and at R+0, R+18, R+33, and R+66 days after returning to Earth. We found that salivary secretory (s)IgA, lysozyme, LL-37, and the cortisol-to-dehydroepiandrosterone ratio were elevated in the ISS crew before (L-180) and during (FD10/FD90) the mission. "Rookie" crewmembers embarking on their first spaceflight mission had lower levels of salivary sIgA but increased levels of α-amylase, lysozyme, and LL-37 during and after the mission compared with the "veteran" crew who had previously flown. Latent herpesvirus reactivation was distinct to the ∼6-mo mission crewmembers who performed extravehicular activity ("spacewalks"). Crewmembers who shed at least one latent virus had higher cortisol levels than those who did not shed. We conclude that long-duration spaceflight alters the concentration and/or secretion of several antimicrobial proteins in saliva, some of which are related to crewmember flight experience, biomarkers of stress, and latent viral reactivation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Spaceflight-associated immune dysregulation may jeopardize future exploration-class missions. Salivary antimicrobial proteins act as a first line of innate immune defense. We report here that several of these proteins are elevated in astronauts during an International Space Station mission, particularly in those embarking on their first space voyage. Astronauts who shed a latent herpesvirus also had higher concentrations of salivary cortisol compared with those who did not shed. Stress-relieving countermeasures are needed to preserve immunity and prevent viral reactivation during prolonged voyages into deep space.
AB - As the international space community plans for manned missions to Mars, spaceflight-associated immune dysregulation has been identified as a potential risk to the health and safety of the flight crew. There is a need to determine whether salivary antimicrobial proteins, which act as a first line of innate immune defense against multiple pathogens, are altered in response to long-duration (>6 mo) missions. We collected 7 consecutive days of whole and sublingual saliva samples from eight International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers and seven ground-based control subjects at nine mission time points, ∼180 and ∼60 days before launch (L-180/L-60), on orbit at flight days ∼10 and ∼90 (FD10/FD90) and ∼1 day before return (R-1), and at R+0, R+18, R+33, and R+66 days after returning to Earth. We found that salivary secretory (s)IgA, lysozyme, LL-37, and the cortisol-to-dehydroepiandrosterone ratio were elevated in the ISS crew before (L-180) and during (FD10/FD90) the mission. "Rookie" crewmembers embarking on their first spaceflight mission had lower levels of salivary sIgA but increased levels of α-amylase, lysozyme, and LL-37 during and after the mission compared with the "veteran" crew who had previously flown. Latent herpesvirus reactivation was distinct to the ∼6-mo mission crewmembers who performed extravehicular activity ("spacewalks"). Crewmembers who shed at least one latent virus had higher cortisol levels than those who did not shed. We conclude that long-duration spaceflight alters the concentration and/or secretion of several antimicrobial proteins in saliva, some of which are related to crewmember flight experience, biomarkers of stress, and latent viral reactivation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Spaceflight-associated immune dysregulation may jeopardize future exploration-class missions. Salivary antimicrobial proteins act as a first line of innate immune defense. We report here that several of these proteins are elevated in astronauts during an International Space Station mission, particularly in those embarking on their first space voyage. Astronauts who shed a latent herpesvirus also had higher concentrations of salivary cortisol compared with those who did not shed. Stress-relieving countermeasures are needed to preserve immunity and prevent viral reactivation during prolonged voyages into deep space.
KW - Astronauts
KW - Herpesvirus
KW - Immunology
KW - Latent viral reactivation
KW - Spaceflight
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U2 - 10.1152/japplphysiol.00560.2019
DO - 10.1152/japplphysiol.00560.2019
M3 - Article
C2 - 31751178
AN - SCOPUS:85079347496
SN - 8750-7587
VL - 128
SP - 264
EP - 275
JO - Journal of Applied Physiology
JF - Journal of Applied Physiology
IS - 2
ER -