TY - JOUR
T1 - Role of molecular mixing on the stiffness of polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction films
AU - Printz, Adam D.
AU - Savagatrup, Suchol
AU - Rodriquez, Daniel
AU - Lipomi, Darren J.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Young Investigator Program, Grant number FA9550-13-1-0156 . Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant no. DGE-1144086 , awarded to S.S., the Initiative for Maximizing Student Development awarded to D.R., and by laboratory startup funds from the University of California , San Diego.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PY - 2015/3
Y1 - 2015/3
N2 - Bulk heterojunction films, which typically comprise a polymer donor and fullerene acceptor, are considerably stiffer than films of the neat polymer. The increase in stiffness upon blending is dependent on the miscibility of the polymer and the fullerene, and potentially on the details of molecular mixing, in particular, intercalation of the fullerene molecules between the polymer side chains. This paper describes the effects of molecular mixing on the tensile modulus of polythiophenes in 1:1 blends with [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM). A series of four polymers and their blends with PC61BM are tested using mechanical, spectroscopic, and photovoltaic device-based measurements to determine if it is possible to predict trends in the tensile modulus based on the extent of molecular mixing. The four polymers are poly-2,2′:5′,2″-(3,3″-dihexyl-terthiophene) (PT2T), which forms an amorphous, molecularly mixed composite, poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT), which forms a well ordered blend with bimolecular crystallization, and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(3-heptylthiophene) (P3HpT), which form a ternary blend with an amorphous mixed phase. The tensile moduli are measured by the buckling technique and correlations are found between the modulus of the neat polymer and the blends. Although spectroscopic and photovoltaic device-based measurements of P3HT:PC61BM and PT2T:PC61BM, along with literature precedent, suggest completely different extents of molecular mixing, they were found to have similar moduli (2.75±0.59 GPa and 2.61±0.39 GPa, after annealing). A strong correlation between the moduli of the blended films and the moduli of the neat polymers suggest that the stiffness of the blend is determined to a large extent by that of the polymer, and is unexpectedly insensitive to the details of molecular mixing, at least for the materials investigated.
AB - Bulk heterojunction films, which typically comprise a polymer donor and fullerene acceptor, are considerably stiffer than films of the neat polymer. The increase in stiffness upon blending is dependent on the miscibility of the polymer and the fullerene, and potentially on the details of molecular mixing, in particular, intercalation of the fullerene molecules between the polymer side chains. This paper describes the effects of molecular mixing on the tensile modulus of polythiophenes in 1:1 blends with [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM). A series of four polymers and their blends with PC61BM are tested using mechanical, spectroscopic, and photovoltaic device-based measurements to determine if it is possible to predict trends in the tensile modulus based on the extent of molecular mixing. The four polymers are poly-2,2′:5′,2″-(3,3″-dihexyl-terthiophene) (PT2T), which forms an amorphous, molecularly mixed composite, poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT), which forms a well ordered blend with bimolecular crystallization, and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(3-heptylthiophene) (P3HpT), which form a ternary blend with an amorphous mixed phase. The tensile moduli are measured by the buckling technique and correlations are found between the modulus of the neat polymer and the blends. Although spectroscopic and photovoltaic device-based measurements of P3HT:PC61BM and PT2T:PC61BM, along with literature precedent, suggest completely different extents of molecular mixing, they were found to have similar moduli (2.75±0.59 GPa and 2.61±0.39 GPa, after annealing). A strong correlation between the moduli of the blended films and the moduli of the neat polymers suggest that the stiffness of the blend is determined to a large extent by that of the polymer, and is unexpectedly insensitive to the details of molecular mixing, at least for the materials investigated.
KW - Bulk heterojunction
KW - Mechanical properties Intercalation
KW - Organic solar cell
KW - P3HpT
KW - PCBM
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U2 - 10.1016/j.solmat.2014.11.030
DO - 10.1016/j.solmat.2014.11.030
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84918836178
SN - 0927-0248
VL - 134
SP - 64
EP - 72
JO - Solar Cells
JF - Solar Cells
ER -