TY - JOUR
T1 - Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona
T2 - Preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs
AU - Gordon, Sydney M.
AU - Callahan, Patrick J.
AU - Nishioka, Marcia G.
AU - Brinkman, Marielle C.
AU - O'Rourke, Mary Kay
AU - Lebowitz, Michael D.
AU - Moschandreas, Demetrios J.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank all of the study subjects in Arizona for their participation in this project. We also thank Mr. Seumas Rogan and the field teams (University of Arizona) for their tireless work in conducting residential sample collections. Ms. Laura Brackney, Ms. Kimberley Andrews, and Mr. Charles Hines (Battelle) are acknowledged for pesticide analyses; Ms. Jennifer Sawchuk and Mr. William Keigley (Battelle) are thanked for VOC analyses. Dr. Timothy Buckley (U.S. EPA) provided key support in study planning and implementation. Although the research described in this article has been funded, wholly or in part, by the U.S. EPA under Cooperative Agreement CR821560-01-0 to University of Arizona, it has not been subjected to Agency review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency, and no official endor sement should be infer r ed.
PY - 1999
Y1 - 1999
N2 - A major objective of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) performed in Arizona was to conduct residential environmental and biomarker measurements of selected pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; benzene, toluene, trichloroethene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene), and metals for total human exposure assessments. Both personal (e.g., blood, urine, dermal wipes, 24 h duplicate diet) and microenvironmental (e.g., indoor and outdoor air, house dust, foundation soil) samples were collected in each home in order to describe individual exposure via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathways, and to extrapolate trends to larger populations. This paper is a preliminary report of only the microenvironmental and dermal wipe data obtained for the target pesticides and VOCs, and provides comparisons with results from similar studies. Evaluations of total exposure from all sources and pathways will be addressed in future papers. The pesticides and VOCs all showed log-normal distributions of concentrations in the Arizona population sampled, and in most cases were detected with sufficient frequency to allow unequivocal description of the concentration by media at the 90th, 75th, and 50th (median) percentiles. Those combinations of pollutant and media, in which a large fraction of the measurements were below the detection limit of the analysis method used, included trichloroethene, 1,3-butadiene, and formaldehyde in outdoor air; chlorpyrifos and diazinon in outdoor air; and dinzinon in dermal and window sill wipes. In general, indoor air concentrations were higher than outdoor air concentrations for all VOCs and pesticides investigated, and VOC levels were in good agreement with levels reported in other studies. In addition, the agreement obtained between co- located VOC samplers indicated that the low-cost diffusional badges used to measure concentrations are probably adequate for use in future monitoring studies. For the pesticides, the median levels found in indoor samples agreed well with other studies, although the levels corresponding to the upper 0.1- 1% of the population were considerably higher than levels reported elsewhere, with indoor air levels as high as 3.3 and 20.5 μg/m3 for chlorpyrifos and diazinon, respectively. These data showed excellent correlation (Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.998 and 0.998, respectively) between chlorpyrifos in indoor air and in the corresponding dermal wipes, and relatively poor correlation between chlorpyrifos in dust (μg/g or μg/m2) and dermal wipes (Pearson=0.055 μg/g and 0.015 μg/m2; Spearman=0.644 μg/g and 0.578 μg/m2). These data suggest the importance of dermal penetration of semi-volatiles as a route of residential human exposure.
AB - A major objective of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) performed in Arizona was to conduct residential environmental and biomarker measurements of selected pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; benzene, toluene, trichloroethene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene), and metals for total human exposure assessments. Both personal (e.g., blood, urine, dermal wipes, 24 h duplicate diet) and microenvironmental (e.g., indoor and outdoor air, house dust, foundation soil) samples were collected in each home in order to describe individual exposure via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathways, and to extrapolate trends to larger populations. This paper is a preliminary report of only the microenvironmental and dermal wipe data obtained for the target pesticides and VOCs, and provides comparisons with results from similar studies. Evaluations of total exposure from all sources and pathways will be addressed in future papers. The pesticides and VOCs all showed log-normal distributions of concentrations in the Arizona population sampled, and in most cases were detected with sufficient frequency to allow unequivocal description of the concentration by media at the 90th, 75th, and 50th (median) percentiles. Those combinations of pollutant and media, in which a large fraction of the measurements were below the detection limit of the analysis method used, included trichloroethene, 1,3-butadiene, and formaldehyde in outdoor air; chlorpyrifos and diazinon in outdoor air; and dinzinon in dermal and window sill wipes. In general, indoor air concentrations were higher than outdoor air concentrations for all VOCs and pesticides investigated, and VOC levels were in good agreement with levels reported in other studies. In addition, the agreement obtained between co- located VOC samplers indicated that the low-cost diffusional badges used to measure concentrations are probably adequate for use in future monitoring studies. For the pesticides, the median levels found in indoor samples agreed well with other studies, although the levels corresponding to the upper 0.1- 1% of the population were considerably higher than levels reported elsewhere, with indoor air levels as high as 3.3 and 20.5 μg/m3 for chlorpyrifos and diazinon, respectively. These data showed excellent correlation (Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.998 and 0.998, respectively) between chlorpyrifos in indoor air and in the corresponding dermal wipes, and relatively poor correlation between chlorpyrifos in dust (μg/g or μg/m2) and dermal wipes (Pearson=0.055 μg/g and 0.015 μg/m2; Spearman=0.644 μg/g and 0.578 μg/m2). These data suggest the importance of dermal penetration of semi-volatiles as a route of residential human exposure.
KW - Dermal wipes
KW - Exposure
KW - Foundation soil
KW - House dust
KW - Indoor air
KW - National Human Exposure Assessment Survey
KW - Outdoor air
KW - Pesticides
KW - VOCs
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U2 - 10.1038/sj.jea.7500042
DO - 10.1038/sj.jea.7500042
M3 - Article
C2 - 10554148
AN - SCOPUS:0032694614
SN - 1559-0631
VL - 9
SP - 456
EP - 470
JO - Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology
JF - Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology
IS - 5
ER -