Recent advances in allosteric androgen receptor inhibitors for the potential treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most frequent cause of male cancer death in the USA. As such, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role in PC, making AR the major therapeutic target for PC. Current antiandrogen chemotherapy prevents androgen binding to the ligand-binding pocket (LBP) of AR. However, PC frequently recurs despite treatment and it progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer. Behind this regression is renewed AR signaling initiated via mutations in the LBP. Hence, there is a critical need to improve the therapeutic options to regulate AR activity in sites other than the LBP. Herein, recently disclosed (2010-2015) allosteric AR inhibitors are summarized and a perspective on the potential pharmaceutical intervention at these sites is provided.