PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field II

Xiurui Zhao; Francesca Civano; Christopher N.A. Willmer; Silvia Bonoli; Chien Ting Chen; Samantha Creech; Renato Dupke; Francesca M. Fornasini; Rolf A. Jansen; Satoshi Kikuta; Anton M. Koekemoer; Sibasish Laha; Stefano Marchesi; Rosalia O’Brien; Ross Silver; S. P. Willner; Rogier A. Windhorst; Haojing Yan; Jailson Alcaniz; Narciso Benitez; Saulo Carneiro; Javier Cenarro; David Cristóbal-Hornillos; Alessandro Ederoclite; Antonio Hernán-Caballero; Carlos López-Sanjuan; Antonio Marín-Franch; Claudia Mendes de Oliveira; Mariano Moles; Laerte Sodré; Keith Taylor; Jesús Varela; Héctor Vázquez Ramió

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad2b61

PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field II

Xiurui Zhao
, Francesca Civano
, Christopher N.A. Willmer
, Silvia Bonoli
, Chien Ting Chen
, Samantha Creech
, Renato Dupke
, Francesca M. Fornasini
, Rolf A. Jansen
, Satoshi Kikuta
, Anton M. Koekemoer
, Sibasish Laha
, Stefano Marchesi
, Rosalia O’Brien
, Ross Silver
, S. P. Willner
, Rogier A. Windhorst
, Haojing Yan
, Jailson Alcaniz
, Narciso Benitez

Saulo Carneiro, Javier Cenarro, David Cristóbal-Hornillos, Alessandro Ederoclite, Antonio Hernán-Caballero, Carlos López-Sanjuan, Antonio Marín-Franch, Claudia Mendes de Oliveira, Mariano Moles, Laerte Sodré, Keith Taylor, Jesús Varela, Héctor Vázquez Ramió

Steward Observatory

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

9 Scopus citations

Abstract

We present the second NuSTAR and XMM-Newton extragalactic survey of the JWST north ecliptic pole (NEP) time-domain field (TDF). The first NuSTAR NEP-TDF survey had 681 ks total exposure time executed in NuSTAR cycle 5 in 2019 and 2020. This second survey, acquired from 2020 to 2022 in cycle 6, adds 880 ks of NuSTAR exposure time. The overall NuSTAR NEP-TDF survey is the most sensitive NuSTAR extragalactic survey to date, and a total of 60 sources were detected above the 95% reliability threshold. We constrain the hard X-ray number counts, log N - log S , down to 1.7 × 10⁻¹⁴ erg cm⁻² s⁻¹ at 8-24 keV and detect an excess of hard X-ray sources at the faint end. About 47% of the NuSTAR-detected sources are heavily obscured (N _H > 10²³ cm⁻²), and 18 − 8 + 20 % of the NuSTAR-detected sources are Compton-thick (N _H > 10²⁴ cm⁻²). These fractions are consistent with those measured in other NuSTAR surveys. Four sources presented >2σ variability in the 3 yr survey. In addition to NuSTAR, a total of 62 ks of XMM-Newton observations were taken during NuSTAR cycle 6. The XMM-Newton observations provide soft X-ray (0.5-10 keV) coverage in the same field and enable more robust identification of the visible and infrared counterparts of the NuSTAR-detected sources. A total of 286 soft X-ray sources were detected, out of which 214 XMM-Newton sources have secure counterparts from multiwavelength catalogs.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	188
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	965
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2b61
State	Published - Apr 1 2024

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

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10.3847/1538-4357/ad2b61

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Zhao, X., Civano, F., Willmer, C. N. A., Bonoli, S., Chen, C. T., Creech, S., Dupke, R., Fornasini, F. M., Jansen, R. A., Kikuta, S., Koekemoer, A. M., Laha, S., Marchesi, S., O’Brien, R., Silver, R., Willner, S. P., Windhorst, R. A., Yan, H., Alcaniz, J., ... Ramió, H. V. (2024). PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field II. Astrophysical Journal, 965(2), Article 188. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2b61

Zhao, X, Civano, F, Willmer, CNA, Bonoli, S, Chen, CT, Creech, S, Dupke, R, Fornasini, FM, Jansen, RA, Kikuta, S, Koekemoer, AM, Laha, S, Marchesi, S, O’Brien, R, Silver, R, Willner, SP, Windhorst, RA, Yan, H, Alcaniz, J, Benitez, N, Carneiro, S, Cenarro, J, Cristóbal-Hornillos, D, Ederoclite, A, Hernán-Caballero, A, López-Sanjuan, C, Marín-Franch, A, de Oliveira, CM, Moles, M, Sodré, L, Taylor, K, Varela, J & Ramió, HV 2024, 'PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field II', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 965, no. 2, 188. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2b61

@article{211d93a84cf0416ba3a9e732dbc1de23,

title = "PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field II",

abstract = "We present the second NuSTAR and XMM-Newton extragalactic survey of the JWST north ecliptic pole (NEP) time-domain field (TDF). The first NuSTAR NEP-TDF survey had 681 ks total exposure time executed in NuSTAR cycle 5 in 2019 and 2020. This second survey, acquired from 2020 to 2022 in cycle 6, adds 880 ks of NuSTAR exposure time. The overall NuSTAR NEP-TDF survey is the most sensitive NuSTAR extragalactic survey to date, and a total of 60 sources were detected above the 95\% reliability threshold. We constrain the hard X-ray number counts, log N - log S , down to 1.7 × 10−14 erg cm−2 s−1 at 8-24 keV and detect an excess of hard X-ray sources at the faint end. About 47\% of the NuSTAR-detected sources are heavily obscured (N H > 1023 cm−2), and 18 − 8 + 20 \% of the NuSTAR-detected sources are Compton-thick (N H > 1024 cm−2). These fractions are consistent with those measured in other NuSTAR surveys. Four sources presented >2σ variability in the 3 yr survey. In addition to NuSTAR, a total of 62 ks of XMM-Newton observations were taken during NuSTAR cycle 6. The XMM-Newton observations provide soft X-ray (0.5-10 keV) coverage in the same field and enable more robust identification of the visible and infrared counterparts of the NuSTAR-detected sources. A total of 286 soft X-ray sources were detected, out of which 214 XMM-Newton sources have secure counterparts from multiwavelength catalogs.",

author = "Xiurui Zhao and Francesca Civano and Willmer, \{Christopher N.A.\} and Silvia Bonoli and Chen, \{Chien Ting\} and Samantha Creech and Renato Dupke and Fornasini, \{Francesca M.\} and Jansen, \{Rolf A.\} and Satoshi Kikuta and Koekemoer, \{Anton M.\} and Sibasish Laha and Stefano Marchesi and Rosalia O{\textquoteright}Brien and Ross Silver and Willner, \{S. P.\} and Windhorst, \{Rogier A.\} and Haojing Yan and Jailson Alcaniz and Narciso Benitez and Saulo Carneiro and Javier Cenarro and David Crist{\'o}bal-Hornillos and Alessandro Ederoclite and Antonio Hern{\'a}n-Caballero and Carlos L{\'o}pez-Sanjuan and Antonio Mar{\'i}n-Franch and \{de Oliveira\}, \{Claudia Mendes\} and Mariano Moles and Laerte Sodr{\'e} and Keith Taylor and Jes{\'u}s Varela and Rami{\'o}, \{H{\'e}ctor V{\'a}zquez\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.",

year = "2024",

month = apr,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ad2b61",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "965",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

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publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

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TY - JOUR

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T2 - NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field II

AU - Zhao, Xiurui

AU - Civano, Francesca

AU - Willmer, Christopher N.A.

AU - Bonoli, Silvia

AU - Chen, Chien Ting

AU - Creech, Samantha

AU - Dupke, Renato

AU - Fornasini, Francesca M.

AU - Jansen, Rolf A.

AU - Kikuta, Satoshi

AU - Koekemoer, Anton M.

AU - Laha, Sibasish

AU - Marchesi, Stefano

AU - O’Brien, Rosalia

AU - Silver, Ross

AU - Willner, S. P.

AU - Windhorst, Rogier A.

AU - Yan, Haojing

AU - Alcaniz, Jailson

AU - Benitez, Narciso

AU - Carneiro, Saulo

AU - Cenarro, Javier

AU - Cristóbal-Hornillos, David

AU - Ederoclite, Alessandro

AU - Hernán-Caballero, Antonio

AU - López-Sanjuan, Carlos

AU - Marín-Franch, Antonio

AU - de Oliveira, Claudia Mendes

AU - Moles, Mariano

AU - Sodré, Laerte

AU - Taylor, Keith

AU - Varela, Jesús

AU - Ramió, Héctor Vázquez

PY - 2024/4/1

Y1 - 2024/4/1

N2 - We present the second NuSTAR and XMM-Newton extragalactic survey of the JWST north ecliptic pole (NEP) time-domain field (TDF). The first NuSTAR NEP-TDF survey had 681 ks total exposure time executed in NuSTAR cycle 5 in 2019 and 2020. This second survey, acquired from 2020 to 2022 in cycle 6, adds 880 ks of NuSTAR exposure time. The overall NuSTAR NEP-TDF survey is the most sensitive NuSTAR extragalactic survey to date, and a total of 60 sources were detected above the 95% reliability threshold. We constrain the hard X-ray number counts, log N - log S , down to 1.7 × 10−14 erg cm−2 s−1 at 8-24 keV and detect an excess of hard X-ray sources at the faint end. About 47% of the NuSTAR-detected sources are heavily obscured (N H > 1023 cm−2), and 18 − 8 + 20 % of the NuSTAR-detected sources are Compton-thick (N H > 1024 cm−2). These fractions are consistent with those measured in other NuSTAR surveys. Four sources presented >2σ variability in the 3 yr survey. In addition to NuSTAR, a total of 62 ks of XMM-Newton observations were taken during NuSTAR cycle 6. The XMM-Newton observations provide soft X-ray (0.5-10 keV) coverage in the same field and enable more robust identification of the visible and infrared counterparts of the NuSTAR-detected sources. A total of 286 soft X-ray sources were detected, out of which 214 XMM-Newton sources have secure counterparts from multiwavelength catalogs.

AB - We present the second NuSTAR and XMM-Newton extragalactic survey of the JWST north ecliptic pole (NEP) time-domain field (TDF). The first NuSTAR NEP-TDF survey had 681 ks total exposure time executed in NuSTAR cycle 5 in 2019 and 2020. This second survey, acquired from 2020 to 2022 in cycle 6, adds 880 ks of NuSTAR exposure time. The overall NuSTAR NEP-TDF survey is the most sensitive NuSTAR extragalactic survey to date, and a total of 60 sources were detected above the 95% reliability threshold. We constrain the hard X-ray number counts, log N - log S , down to 1.7 × 10−14 erg cm−2 s−1 at 8-24 keV and detect an excess of hard X-ray sources at the faint end. About 47% of the NuSTAR-detected sources are heavily obscured (N H > 1023 cm−2), and 18 − 8 + 20 % of the NuSTAR-detected sources are Compton-thick (N H > 1024 cm−2). These fractions are consistent with those measured in other NuSTAR surveys. Four sources presented >2σ variability in the 3 yr survey. In addition to NuSTAR, a total of 62 ks of XMM-Newton observations were taken during NuSTAR cycle 6. The XMM-Newton observations provide soft X-ray (0.5-10 keV) coverage in the same field and enable more robust identification of the visible and infrared counterparts of the NuSTAR-detected sources. A total of 286 soft X-ray sources were detected, out of which 214 XMM-Newton sources have secure counterparts from multiwavelength catalogs.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85190787630

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85190787630#tab=citedBy

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/ad2b61

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ad2b61

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85190787630

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 965

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 2

M1 - 188

ER -

PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field II

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PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field II

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