Numerical investigation of the interaction of the Klebanoff-mode with a Tollmien-Schlichting wave

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the Navier-Stokes equations are used to investigate the role of the Klebanoff-mode in laminar-turbulent transition in a flat-plate boundary layer. To model the effects of free-stream turbulence, volume forces are used to generate low-frequency streamwise vortices outside the boundary layer. A suction/blowing slot at the wall is used to generate a two-dimensional Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) wave inside the boundary layer. The characteristics of the fluctuations inside the boundary layer agree very well with those measured in experiments. It is shown how the interaction of the Klebanoff-mode with the two-dimensional TS-wave leads to the formation of three-dimensional TS-wavepackets. When the disturbance amplitudes reach a critical level, a fundamental resonance-type secondary instability causes the breakdown of the TS-wavepackets into turbulent spots.