New models of management and shifting modes and costs of production: Europe and the United States

Discussions of strategic management and productivity generally overlook fundamental factors of production that are on the rise with new models of management and new modes of production by which instruction and research is created. This paper draws on national, institutional and professional association data from universities and emergent professions in Austria, Germany and the US to track the shifting allocation of human resources and to determine whether academic managers are considering these patterns in establishing strategic management practices. Findings show that, in some countries, professors represent a declining proportion of the personnel in higher education, although the models of management and the allocations of personnel vary among the US, Austria and Germany. Noting that current strategic management practices are not incorporating consideration of these developments, this paper offers questions and concepts for universities to address in order to enhance strategic management.