Multiple memory systems: A new view

It is now clear that there are multiple systems engaged in acquiring and storing knowledge about an organism’s experiences in the world. I argue that it might be best to think about these as knowledge systems, rather than as memory systems. Various kinds of knowledge systems are discussed, including knowledge of what, where, when, who, how, and valence. Implications of the existence of multiple systems are discussed, including the fact that these various systems manifest different developmental trajectories and are differentially affected by such things as stress.