Modulation of breast cancer cell viability by a cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist, JWH-015, is calcium dependent

Introduction: Cannabinoid compounds, both nonspecific as well as agonists selective for either cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB₁) or cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB₂), have been shown to modulate the tumor microenvironment by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells in several model systems. The mechanism of this modulation remains only partially delineated, and activity induced via the CB₁ and CB₂ receptors may be distinct despite significant sequence homology and structural similarity of ligands. Methods: The CB₂-selective agonist JWH-015 was used to investigate mechanisms downstream of CB₂ activation in mouse and human breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in a murine mammary tumor model. Results: JWH-015 treatment significantly reduced primary tumor burden and metastasis of luciferase-tagged murine mammary carcinoma 4T1 cells in immunocompetent mice in vivo. Furthermore, JWH-015 reduced the viability of murine 4T1 and human MCF7 mammary carcinoma cells in vitro by inducing apoptosis. JWH-015-mediated reduction of breast cancer cell viability was not dependent on Gα_i signaling in vitro or modified by classical pharmacological blockade of CB₁, GPR55, TRPV1, or TRPA1 receptors. JWH-015 effects were calcium dependent and induced changes in MAPK/ERK signaling. Conclusion: The results of this work characterize the actions of a CB₂-selective agonist on breast cancer cells in a syngeneic murine model representing how a clinical presentation of cancer progression and metastasis may be significantly modulated by a G-protein-coupled receptor.