Mining and metallurgical wastes: A review of recycling and re-use practices

Mining and metallurgical processes produce significant amounts of waste. In South Africa, mining and metallurgical wastes constitute one of the biggest challenges to the environment. If not managed properly, these types of wastes can result in irreversible damage to the environment and constitute a hazard to humans. Despite the environmental challenges associated with mining and metallurgical wastes, the mining and metal extraction industries can be integrated to form a circular economy model that promotes zero waste through the recycling and re-use of these waste materials. In other words, the different waste streams can in fact be considered as secondary sources of valuable minerals and metals. In this paper we review some of the research and emerging trends in the recycling and re-use of mining and metallurgical wastes. A brief overview is provided of how some of the key aspects of sustainability can be integrated into the teaching and research space in engineering sciences.