Abstract
The upper airway muscles play an important role in breathing, swallowing, and speaking, but little is known about the electromyogram (EMG)-force relationship of these muscles. We have measured the peak integrated EMG activity (iEMG) and force of human nasal dilator muscles (NDM) with a custom- designed headpiece that was attached via the forehead and upper lip. The headpiece contains a micromanipulator that holds a rod with a load cell mounted on its tip. The reproducibility of the force measurements was examined by measuring the lateral or 'flaring' force of the NDM in multiple trials on two separate occasions in 13 subjects. For these studies the subjects were instructed to perform maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Test-retest reproducibility averaged 8.3% (coefficient of variation) for within-day comparisons and 13.7% between days. We also measured iEMG and NDM force during an incremental exercise test in nine of the subjects; they were instructed to breathe nasally throughout one 30-s epoch at rest and at each workload. The iEMG and force during peak exercise (175-275 W) averaged 81 ± 26% (SD) MVC and 235 ± 127 mN (~75% MVC), respectively. The iEMG during incremental exercise was linearly related to the peak force (r = 0.90, P < 0.001). Contractile properties were measured in seven of the subjects by application of single supramaximal shocks (0.1-ms pulse) to the facial nerve. Twitch force averaged 9 ± 6% MVC, and the time to peak force was 62 ± 13 ms, which is considerably faster than that in human diaphragm or elbow flexors. The following conclusions were made: 1) our method is useful for making reproducible measurements of NDM force during voluntary, involuntary, and electrically evoked contractions; 2) the force measured with this system closely parallels the neural drive (iEMG) to the NDM; 3) the force output of the NDM during peak exercise with nasal breathing (i.e., 75% MVC) is substantial; and 4) human NDM have relatively rapid contractile properties.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 270-278 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Journal of Applied Physiology |
Volume | 79 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 1995 |
Keywords
- control of breathing
- electromyography
- evoked potentials
- facial nerve
- maximal voluntary contractions
- muscle contractile properties
- muscle force
- nasal dilator muscles
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Physiology
- Physiology (medical)