Lunar Crustal KREEP Distribution

The distribution of KREEP—potassium (K), rare earth elements (REE), and phosphorus (P)—in the lunar crust is an important clue to deciphering the geochemical and thermal evolution of the Moon. Surface measurements of thorium abundance taken by the Lunar Prospector Gamma Ray Spectrometer (LP GRS) instrument have shown that KREEP is concentrated on the lunar nearside surface, mirroring the hemispheric asymmetry observed in the distribution of maria, crustal thickness, and topography. However, the overall lateral and vertical distribution of KREEP within the crust is poorly constrained, leaving uncertainty in estimates of bulk crustal thorium abundance and in the history and evolution of KREEP. In this study, we compared the overall lateral and vertical distribution of lunar KREEP in the upper crust by determining the thorium abundance of material excavated by complex impact craters. We find that the distribution of KREEP on the nearside is consistent with a layer of high-Thorium ejecta from the Imbrium impact mixing with underlying low-Th (<1 ppm) crustal material, suggesting the excavation of a sub-crustal KREEP reservoir with thorium abundances as high as 45–120 ppm by the Imbrium-forming impact. Imbrium ejecta alone does not explain the distribution of thorium on the lunar farside, particularly around the South Pole Aitken basin, suggesting other sources for farside thorium enrichments. Furthermore, our results refute the existence of a large-scale Thorium-enriched layer in the upper 16 km of the farside crust.