@article{5803381a4ac3456c9231d9b8f25cc99b,
title = "Longitudinal optical imaging technique to visualize progressive axonal damage after brain injury in mice reveals responses to different minocycline treatments",
abstract = "A high-resolution, three-dimensional, optical imaging technique for the murine brain was developed to identify the effects of different therapeutic windows for preclinical brain research. This technique tracks the same cells over several weeks. We conducted a pilot study of a promising drug to treat diffuse axonal injury (DAI) caused by traumatic brain injury, using two different therapeutic windows, as a means to demonstrate the utility of this novel longitudinal imaging technique. DAI causes immediate, sporadic axon damage followed by progressive secondary axon damage. We administered minocycline for three days commencing one hour after injury in one treatment group and beginning 72 hours after injury in another group to demonstrate the method{\textquoteright}s ability to show how and when the therapeutic drug exerts protective and/or healing effects. Fewer varicosities developed in acutely treated mice while more varicosities resolved in mice with delayed treatment. For both treatments, the drug arrested development of new axonal damage by 30 days. In addition to evaluation of therapeutics for traumatic brain injury, this hybrid microlens imaging method should be useful to study other types of brain injury and neurodegeneration and cellular responses to treatment.",
author = "Pernici, {Chelsea D.} and Rowe, {Rachel K.} and Doughty, {P. Timothy} and Mahboubeh Madadi and Jonathan Lifshitz and Murray, {Teresa A.}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank Hunter Rasnic, Haley Alexander, Angelica Andrews, Cole Forbes, Amara Stokes, and Luke Seaton, Anassas Anderson, and Claire E. Jones of Louisiana Tech University (Ruston, Louisiana, USA) for performing blinded analysis of multiphoton images. We also thank Tabitha Rose Fox Green for blinded analysis of behavioral videos and Kelsey Newbold and J. Bryce Ortiz for blinded analyses of behavioral tests; TRFG and JBO are from the University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix (Phoenix, Arizona, USA) and KN is from Arizona State University (Tempe, Arizona, USA). A National Institutes of Health grant (R21NS090131) to TAM supported this work. RKR was supported by Phoenix Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital Mission Support funds to the University of Arizona College of Medicine—Phoenix. The funding agencies were not involved in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; and in writing this report and the decision to submit it for publication. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020, The Author(s).",
year = "2020",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1038/s41598-020-64783-x",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "10",
journal = "Scientific Reports",
issn = "2045-2322",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "1",
}