TY - JOUR
T1 - Isotopic evidence for the source of Ca and S in soil gypsum, anhydrite and calcite in the Atacama Desert, Chile
AU - Rech, Jason A.
AU - Quade, Jay
AU - Hart, William S.
N1 - Funding Information:
NSF Grant EAR-9904838 and a grant from the Arizona Geological Society supported this research. A NASA space-grant administered through the University of Arizona also provided funding for Jason A. Rech. We would like to thank Chris Eastoe for his help with the sulfur isotopic analyses, Wes Bilodeau for X-ray diffraction analyses, Mary Kay O’Rourke and Mari Bartlett for XRF analyses, Jeff Pigati and Christa Placzek for field assistance, and Robert Schemenauer for helpful discussions on the Coastal Fog of Chile. This paper greatly benefited from the comments of two anonymous reviewers and from Allan Chivas.
PY - 2003/2/15
Y1 - 2003/2/15
N2 - The origin of pedogenic salts in the Atacama Desert has long been debated. Possible salt sources include in situ weathering at the soil site, local sources such as aerosols from the adjacent Pacific Ocean or salt-encrusted playas (salars), and extra-local atmospheric dust. To identify the origin of Ca and S in Atacama soil salts, we determined δ34S and 87Sr/86Sr values of soil gypsum/anhydrite and 87Sr/86Sr values of soil calcite along three east-west trending transects. Our results demonstrate the strong influence of marine aerosols on soil gypsum/anhydrite development in areas where marine fog penetrates inland. Results from an east-west transect located along a breach in the Coastal Cordillera show that most soils within 90 km of the coast, and below 1300 m in elevation, are influenced by marine aerosols and that soils within 50 km, and below 800 m in elevation, receive >50% of Ca and S from marine aerosols (δ34S values > 14‰ and 87Sr/86Sr values >0.7083). In areas where the Coastal Cordillera is > 1200 m in elevation, however, coastal fog cannot penetrate inland and the contribution of marine aerosols to soils is greatly reduced. Most pedogenic salts from inland soils have δ34S values between +5.0 to +8.0‰ and 87Sr/86Sr ratios between 0.7070 and 0.7076. These values are similar to average δ34S and 87Sr/86Sr values of salts from local streams, lakes, and salars (+5.4 ±2‰ δ34S and 0.70749 ± 0.00045 87Sr/86Sr) in the Andes and Atacama, suggesting extensive eolian reworking of salar salts onto the surrounding landscape. Ultimately, salar salts are precipitated from evaporated ground water, which has acquired its dissolved solutes from water-rock interactions (both high and low-temperature) along flowpaths from recharge areas in the Andes. Therefore, the main source for Ca and S in gypsum/anhydrite in non-coastal soils is indirect and involves bedrock alteration, not surficially on the hyperarid landscape, but in the subsurface by ground water, followed by eolian redistribution of ground-water derived salar salts to soils. The spatial distribution of high-grade nitrate deposits appears to correspond with areas that receive the lowest fluxes of local marine and salar salt, supporting arguments for tropospheric nitrogen as the main source for soil nitrate.
AB - The origin of pedogenic salts in the Atacama Desert has long been debated. Possible salt sources include in situ weathering at the soil site, local sources such as aerosols from the adjacent Pacific Ocean or salt-encrusted playas (salars), and extra-local atmospheric dust. To identify the origin of Ca and S in Atacama soil salts, we determined δ34S and 87Sr/86Sr values of soil gypsum/anhydrite and 87Sr/86Sr values of soil calcite along three east-west trending transects. Our results demonstrate the strong influence of marine aerosols on soil gypsum/anhydrite development in areas where marine fog penetrates inland. Results from an east-west transect located along a breach in the Coastal Cordillera show that most soils within 90 km of the coast, and below 1300 m in elevation, are influenced by marine aerosols and that soils within 50 km, and below 800 m in elevation, receive >50% of Ca and S from marine aerosols (δ34S values > 14‰ and 87Sr/86Sr values >0.7083). In areas where the Coastal Cordillera is > 1200 m in elevation, however, coastal fog cannot penetrate inland and the contribution of marine aerosols to soils is greatly reduced. Most pedogenic salts from inland soils have δ34S values between +5.0 to +8.0‰ and 87Sr/86Sr ratios between 0.7070 and 0.7076. These values are similar to average δ34S and 87Sr/86Sr values of salts from local streams, lakes, and salars (+5.4 ±2‰ δ34S and 0.70749 ± 0.00045 87Sr/86Sr) in the Andes and Atacama, suggesting extensive eolian reworking of salar salts onto the surrounding landscape. Ultimately, salar salts are precipitated from evaporated ground water, which has acquired its dissolved solutes from water-rock interactions (both high and low-temperature) along flowpaths from recharge areas in the Andes. Therefore, the main source for Ca and S in gypsum/anhydrite in non-coastal soils is indirect and involves bedrock alteration, not surficially on the hyperarid landscape, but in the subsurface by ground water, followed by eolian redistribution of ground-water derived salar salts to soils. The spatial distribution of high-grade nitrate deposits appears to correspond with areas that receive the lowest fluxes of local marine and salar salt, supporting arguments for tropospheric nitrogen as the main source for soil nitrate.
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U2 - 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01175-4
DO - 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01175-4
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:0037441949
SN - 0016-7037
VL - 67
SP - 575
EP - 586
JO - Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
JF - Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
IS - 4
ER -