Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater

George D. Di Giovanni; Walter Q. Betancourt; Joe Hernandez; Naomi W. Assadian; Juan P. Flores Margez; Esaul Jaramillo Lopez

doi:10.1080/09603120601095100

Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater

George D. Di Giovanni
, Walter Q. Betancourt
, Joe Hernandez
, Naomi W. Assadian
, Juan P. Flores Margez
, Esaul Jaramillo Lopez

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

32 Scopus citations

Abstract

A field study in the Juarez Valley of Mexico was performed to investigate the potential transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia to sheep livestock grazing on forage irrigated with reclaimed wastewater, and the potential for disease transmission back to humans. United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 immunofluorescent assay (IFA) revealed high levels of pathogens in reclaimed wastewater, with 183 to >7000 Giardia cysts and 9 - 762 Cryptosporidium oocysts detected per litre. Infectious Cryptosporidium were detected in the reclaimed wastewater using the cell culture focus detection method (FDM). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed reclaimed wastewater contained the C. parvum bovine (zoonotic) genotype, human-specific C. hominis subgenotypes, and G. lamblia (syn. G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis) Assemblage A genotypes (A2 and A3). Despite high levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the reclaimed wastewater, these pathogens were rarely found on the forage plants, possibly due to environmental attenuation. Sheep fecal specimens were positive for only livestock-associated G. lamblia Assemblage E genotypes. Therefore, in this field study, there was no evidence of zooanthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium or Giardia.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	405-418
Number of pages	14
Journal	International Journal of Environmental Health Research
Volume	16
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120601095100
State	Published - Dec 1 2006
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

Cell culture
Cryptosporidium hominis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia lamblia (syn. G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis)
Reclaimed wastewater
Zoonoses

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Pollution
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

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10.1080/09603120601095100

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Di Giovanni, G. D., Betancourt, W. Q., Hernandez, J., Assadian, N. W., Flores Margez, J. P., & Lopez, E. J. (2006). Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 16(6), 405-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120601095100

Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater. / Di Giovanni, George D.; Betancourt, Walter Q.; Hernandez, Joe et al.
In: International Journal of Environmental Health Research, Vol. 16, No. 6, 01.12.2006, p. 405-418.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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title = "Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater",

abstract = "A field study in the Juarez Valley of Mexico was performed to investigate the potential transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia to sheep livestock grazing on forage irrigated with reclaimed wastewater, and the potential for disease transmission back to humans. United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 immunofluorescent assay (IFA) revealed high levels of pathogens in reclaimed wastewater, with 183 to >7000 Giardia cysts and 9 - 762 Cryptosporidium oocysts detected per litre. Infectious Cryptosporidium were detected in the reclaimed wastewater using the cell culture focus detection method (FDM). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed reclaimed wastewater contained the C. parvum bovine (zoonotic) genotype, human-specific C. hominis subgenotypes, and G. lamblia (syn. G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis) Assemblage A genotypes (A2 and A3). Despite high levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the reclaimed wastewater, these pathogens were rarely found on the forage plants, possibly due to environmental attenuation. Sheep fecal specimens were positive for only livestock-associated G. lamblia Assemblage E genotypes. Therefore, in this field study, there was no evidence of zooanthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium or Giardia.",

keywords = "Cell culture, Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia (syn. G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis), Reclaimed wastewater, Zoonoses",

author = "\{Di Giovanni\}, \{George D.\} and Betancourt, \{Walter Q.\} and Joe Hernandez and Assadian, \{Naomi W.\} and \{Flores Margez\}, \{Juan P.\} and Lopez, \{Esaul Jaramillo\}",

note = "Funding Information: We thank Anthony Sisk and Adriana Galindo for their technical assistance. We are grateful to Greg Sturbaum for his critical review of the manuscript. We thank Carlos Mendez for his comments on border region water quality issues. This study was funded by the Paso del Norte Health Foundation – Center for Border Health Research; Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture under Agreement No. 2003-34461-13278; and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A\&M University System.",

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AU - Flores Margez, Juan P.

AU - Lopez, Esaul Jaramillo

N1 - Funding Information: We thank Anthony Sisk and Adriana Galindo for their technical assistance. We are grateful to Greg Sturbaum for his critical review of the manuscript. We thank Carlos Mendez for his comments on border region water quality issues. This study was funded by the Paso del Norte Health Foundation – Center for Border Health Research; Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture under Agreement No. 2003-34461-13278; and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System.

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N2 - A field study in the Juarez Valley of Mexico was performed to investigate the potential transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia to sheep livestock grazing on forage irrigated with reclaimed wastewater, and the potential for disease transmission back to humans. United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 immunofluorescent assay (IFA) revealed high levels of pathogens in reclaimed wastewater, with 183 to >7000 Giardia cysts and 9 - 762 Cryptosporidium oocysts detected per litre. Infectious Cryptosporidium were detected in the reclaimed wastewater using the cell culture focus detection method (FDM). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed reclaimed wastewater contained the C. parvum bovine (zoonotic) genotype, human-specific C. hominis subgenotypes, and G. lamblia (syn. G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis) Assemblage A genotypes (A2 and A3). Despite high levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the reclaimed wastewater, these pathogens were rarely found on the forage plants, possibly due to environmental attenuation. Sheep fecal specimens were positive for only livestock-associated G. lamblia Assemblage E genotypes. Therefore, in this field study, there was no evidence of zooanthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium or Giardia.

AB - A field study in the Juarez Valley of Mexico was performed to investigate the potential transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia to sheep livestock grazing on forage irrigated with reclaimed wastewater, and the potential for disease transmission back to humans. United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 immunofluorescent assay (IFA) revealed high levels of pathogens in reclaimed wastewater, with 183 to >7000 Giardia cysts and 9 - 762 Cryptosporidium oocysts detected per litre. Infectious Cryptosporidium were detected in the reclaimed wastewater using the cell culture focus detection method (FDM). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed reclaimed wastewater contained the C. parvum bovine (zoonotic) genotype, human-specific C. hominis subgenotypes, and G. lamblia (syn. G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis) Assemblage A genotypes (A2 and A3). Despite high levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the reclaimed wastewater, these pathogens were rarely found on the forage plants, possibly due to environmental attenuation. Sheep fecal specimens were positive for only livestock-associated G. lamblia Assemblage E genotypes. Therefore, in this field study, there was no evidence of zooanthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium or Giardia.

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JF - International Journal of Environmental Health Research

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ER -

Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater

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Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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