Intragenic and intergenic suppression of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase subunit a mutation of Gly-213 to Asn: Functional interactions between residues in the proton transport site

Subunit a of the ATP synthase F(o) sector contains a transmembrane helix that interacts with subunit c and is critical for H⁺ transport activity. From a cysteine scan in the region around the essential subunit a residue, Arg-210, we found that the replacement of aGly-213 greatly attenuated ATP hydrolysis, ATP-dependent proton pumping and Δβ(H) + -dependent ATP synthesis. Various amino acid substitutions caused similar effects, suggesting that functional perturbations were caused by altering the environment or conformation of aArg-210. aG213N, which was particularly severe in effect, was suppressed by two second-site mutations, aL251V and cD61E. These mutations restored efficient coupling; the latter also increased ATP-dependent proton transport rates. These results were consistent with the proposed functional interaction between aArg-210 and cAsp-61, the likely carrier of the transported proton. From Arrhenius analysis of steady-state ATP hydrolytic activity, the transport mutants had large increases in the transition-state enthalpic and entropic parameters. Linear isokinetic relationships demonstrate that the transport mechanism is coupled to the rate-limiting catalytic transition-state step, which we have previously shown to involve the rotation of the γ subunit in multi-site, co-operative catalysis.