Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Ventilation on Demand: Current Practice and Future Promises

The increasing depth and complexity of underground metal mining has raised ventilation energy demands and safety risks, driving the need for intelligent and more adaptive ventilation systems. Ventilation on Demand (VOD) systems dynamically adjust airflow using real-time operational and environmental data to improve energy efficiency while maintaining safety. Although VOD has been applied for over a decade, deeper and more extreme mining environments associated with critical minerals extraction introduce new challenges and opportunities. VOD systems rely on the tight integration of hardware, sensing, optimization-based control, and flexible infrastructure as mining operations evolve. The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) introduces significant opportunities to further enhance and adapt VOD systems to these emerging challenges. This work presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art in AI integration within VOD technologies, covering sensing and prediction models, control strategies, and optimization frameworks aimed at improving energy efficiency, safety, and overall system performance. Findings show an increasing use of hybrid deep learning architectures, such as CNN-LSTM and Bi-LSTM, for forecasting, as well as AI-enabled optimization methods for sensor and actuator placement. Key research gaps include a reliance on narrow AI models, limited long-term predictive capabilities for maintenance and strategic planning, and a predominance of simulation-based validation over real-world field deployment. Future research directions include the integration of generative and generalized AI approaches, along with human–cyber–physical system (Human-CPS) designs, to enhance robustness and reliability under the uncertain and dynamic conditions characteristic of deep underground mining environments.