Helicobacter pylori targets cancer-associated apical-junctional constituents in gastroids and gastric epithelial cells

Objective Helicobacter pylori strains that express the oncoprotein CagA augment risk for gastric cancer. However, the precise mechanisms through which cag⁺ strains heighten cancer risk have not been fully delineated and model systems that recapitulate the gastric niche are critical for understanding pathogenesis. Gastroids are three-dimensional organ-like structures that provide unique opportunities to study host-H. pylori interactions in a preclinical model. We used gastroids to inform and direct in vitro studies to define mechanisms through which H. pylori modulates expression of the cancer-associated tight junction protein claudin-7. Design Gastroids were infected by luminal microinjection, and MKN28 gastric epithelial cells were cocultured with H. pylori wild-type cag⁺ strains or isogenic mutants. β-catenin, claudin-7 and snail localisation was determined by immunocytochemistry. Proliferation was assessed using 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine, and levels of claudin-7 and snail were determined by western blot and flow cytometry. Results Gastroids developed into a self-organising differentiation axis and H. pylori induced mislocalisation of claudin-7 and increased proliferation in a CagA-and β-catenin-dependent manner. In MKN28 cells, H pyloriinduced suppression of claudin-7 was regulated by β-catenin and snail. Similarly, snail expression was increased and claudin-7 levels were decreased among H. pylori-infected individuals. Conclusions H. pylori increase proliferation in a strainspecific manner in a novel gastroid system. H. pylori also alter expression and localisation of claudin-7 in gastroids and human epithelial cells, which is mediated by β-catenin and snail activation. These data provide new insights into molecular interactions with carcinogenic potential that occur between H. pylori and epithelial cells within the gastric niche.