@article{4180093806bf49eaa24efd09c9785f51,
title = "Flexner 2.0—Longitudinal Study of Student Participation in a Campus-Wide General Pathology Course for Graduate Students at The University of Arizona",
abstract = "Faculty members from the Department of Pathology at The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson have offered a 4-credit course on enhanced general pathology for graduate students since 1996. The course is titled, “Mechanisms of Human Disease.” Between 1997 and 2016, 270 graduate students completed Mechanisms of Human Disease. The students came from 21 programs of study. Analysis of Variance, using course grade as the dependent and degree, program, gender, and year (1997-2016) as independent variables, indicated that there was no significant difference in final grade (F = 0.112; P =.8856) as a function of degree (doctorate: mean = 89.60, standard deviation = 5.75; master{\textquoteright}s: mean = 89.34, standard deviation = 6.00; certificate program: mean = 88.64, standard deviation = 8.25), specific type of degree program (F = 2.066, P =.1316; life sciences: mean = 89.95, standard deviation = 6.40; pharmaceutical sciences: mean = 90.71, standard deviation = 4.57; physical sciences: mean = 87.79, standard deviation = 5.17), or as a function of gender (F = 2.96, P =.0865; males: mean = 88.09, standard deviation = 8.36; females: mean = 89.58, standard deviation = 5.82). Students in the physical and life sciences performed equally well. Mechanisms of Human Disease is a popular course that provides students enrolled in a variety of graduate programs with a medical school-based course on mechanisms of diseases. The addition of 2 new medically oriented Master of Science degree programs has nearly tripled enrollment. This graduate level course also potentially expands the interdisciplinary diversity of participants in our interprofessional education and collaborative practice exercises.",
keywords = "Flexner 1.0, Flexner 2.0, Flexner 3.0, Flexner Report, Flexner X.0, Medical Science, STEM",
author = "Briehl, {Margaret M.} and Nelson, {Mark A.} and Krupinski, {Elizabeth A.} and Erps, {Kristine A.} and Holcomb, {Michael J.} and Weinstein, {John B.} and Weinstein, {Ronald S.}",
note = "Funding Information: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Funding for a graduate teaching assistant was provided by a Center of Excellence grant from Health Resources and Services Administration, D34HP24460 (F. Moreno, PI). Funding Information: Arguably, the first Pathology for Non-Pathologists course was pioneered a half century ago at Harvard Medical School (HMS), in the mid-1960s. Two distinguished HMS Pathology professors, Ramzi Cotran, MD, and Morris Karnovsky, MBBS, applied for and received a grant from the Commonwealth Fund to create a Boston city-wide course for graduate school students called Pathology for Non-Pathologists. Graduate students from more than 6 local universities enrolled. These annual courses accommodated 100 to 150 students each year and were given on the HMS campus. The primary focus was on mechanisms of diseases. The course mirrored the General Pathology course being taught to medical students at HMS in the late 1960s. This year-long course met once a week from 4:30 to 6:00 PM. Some lectures had a greater research focus than the HMS student lectures on the same topic (Weinstein, 1968, unpublished observations). In 1966, an author of this article (R.S.W.) had recently been promoted to a dual role as a pathology resident at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and director of the NIH-funded Mixter Laboratory for Electron Microscopy of the MGH Neurosurgical Service. Dr Cotran, a mentor of Dr Wein-stein, invited him to audit the Pathology for Non-Pathologists Course and provide the course directors with a critique of the course. This led to career-long collaborations between Drs Cotran and Weinstein on developing innovative pathology courses for medical students, residents, and faculty members. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2016.",
year = "2016",
doi = "10.1177/2374289516680217",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "3",
journal = "Academic Pathology",
issn = "2374-2895",
publisher = "SAGE Publications Ltd",
}