Abstract
We present the calibration and reduction of Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm radio wavelength observations of the supermassive black hole candidate at the center of the radio galaxy M87 and the quasar 3C 279, taken during the 2017 April 5-11 observing campaign. These global very long baseline interferometric observations include for the first time the highly sensitive Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA); reaching an angular resolution of 25 μas, with characteristic sensitivity limits of ∼1 mJy on baselines to ALMA and ∼10 mJy on other baselines. The observations present challenges for existing data processing tools, arising from the rapid atmospheric phase fluctuations, wide recording bandwidth, and highly heterogeneous array. In response, we developed three independent pipelines for phase calibration and fringe detection, each tailored to the specific needs of the EHT. The final data products include calibrated total intensity amplitude and phase information. They are validated through a series of quality assurance tests that show consistency across pipelines and set limits on baseline systematic errors of 2% in amplitude and 1° in phase. The M87 data reveal the presence of two nulls in correlated flux density at ∼3.4 and ∼8.3 Gλ and temporal evolution in closure quantities, indicating intrinsic variability of compact structure on a timescale of days, or several light-crossing times for a few billion solar-mass black hole. These measurements provide the first opportunity to image horizon-scale structure in M87.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Article number | L3 |
| Journal | Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| Volume | 875 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Apr 10 2019 |
Keywords
- black hole physics
- galaxies: individual (M87, 3C279)
- galaxies: jets
- techniques: high angular resolution
- techniques: interferometric
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science
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First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration. / Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, The; Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne Kathrin; Ball, David; Baloković, Mislav; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan; Blackburn, Lindy; Boland, Wilfred; Bouman, Katherine L.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Bremer, Michael; Brinkerink, Christiaan D.; Brissenden, Roger; Britzen, Silke; Broderick, Avery E.; Broguiere, Dominique; Bronzwaer, Thomas; Byun, Do Young; Carlstrom, John E.; Chael, Andrew; Chan, Chi Kwan; Chatterjee, Shami; Chatterjee, Koushik; Chen, Ming Tang; Chen, Yongjun; Cho, Ilje; Christian, Pierre; Conway, John E.; Cordes, James M.; Crew, Geoffrey B.; Cui, Yuzhu; Davelaar, Jordy; De Laurentis, Mariafelicia; Deane, Roger; Dempsey, Jessica; Desvignes, Gregory; Dexter, Jason; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Eatough, Ralph P.; Falcke, Heino; Fish, Vincent L.; Fomalont, Ed; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel; Friberg, Per; Fromm, Christian M.; Gómez, José L.; Galison, Peter; Gammie, Charles F.; Garcia, Roberto; Gentaz, Olivier; Georgiev, Boris; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gold, Roman; Gu, Minfeng; Gurwell, Mark; Hada, Kazuhiro; Hecht, Michael H.; Hesper, Ronald; Ho, Luis C.; Ho, Paul; Honma, Mareki; Huang, Chih Wei L.; Huang, Lei; Hughes, David H.; Ikeda, Shiro; Inoue, Makoto; Issaoun, Sara; James, David J.; Jannuzi, Buell T.; Janssen, Michael; Jeter, Britton; Jiang, Wu; Johnson, Michael D.; Jorstad, Svetlana; Jung, Taehyun; Karami, Mansour; Karuppusamy, Ramesh; Kawashima, Tomohisa; Keating, Garrett K.; Kettenis, Mark; Kim, Jae Young; Kim, Junhan; Kim, Jongsoo; Kino, Motoki; Koay, Jun Yi; Koch, Patrick M.; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Michael; Kramer, Carsten; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Kuo, Cheng Yu; Lauer, Tod R.; Lee, Sang Sung; Li, Yan Rong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lindqvist, Michael; Liu, Kuo; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lo, Wen Ping; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Loinard, Laurent; Lonsdale, Colin; Lu, Ru Sen; Macdonald, Nicholas R.; Mao, Jirong; Markoff, Sera; Marrone, Daniel P.; Marscher, Alan P.; Marti-Vidal, Iván; Matsushita, Satoki; Matthews, Lynn D.; Medeiros, Lia; Menten, Karl M.; Mizuno, Yosuke; Mizuno, Izumi; Moran, James M.; Moriyama, Kotaro; Moscibrodzka, Monika; Müller, Cornelia; Nagai, Hiroshi; Nagar, Neil M.; Nakamura, Masanori; Narayan, Ramesh; Narayanan, Gopal; Natarajan, Iniyan; Neri, Roberto; Ni, Chunchong; Noutsos, Aristeidis; Okino, Hiroki; Olivares, Héctor; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Oyama, Tomoaki; Ozel, Feryal; Palumbo, Daniel C.M.; Patel, Nimesh; Pen, Ue Li; Pesce, Dominic W.; Piétu, Vincent; Plambeck, Richard; Popstefanija, Aleksandar; Porth, Oliver; Prather, Ben; Preciado-López, Jorge A.; Psaltis, Dimitrios; Pu, Hung Yi; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh; Rao, Ramprasad; Rawlings, Mark G.; Raymond, Alexander W.; Rezzolla, Luciano; Ripperda, Bart; Roelofs, Freek; Rogers, Alan; Ros, Eduardo; Rose, Mel; Roshanineshat, Arash; Rottmann, Helge; Roy, Alan L.; Ruszczyk, Chet; Ryan, Benjamin R.; Rygl, Kazi L.J.; Sánchez, Salvador; Sánchez-Arguelles, David; Sasada, Mahito; Savolainen, Tuomas; Schloerb, F. Peter; Schuster, Karl Friedrich; Shao, Lijing; Shen, Zhiqiang; Small, Des; Sohn, Bong Won; Soohoo, Jason; Tazaki, Fumie; Tiede, Paul; Tilanus, Remo P.J.; Titus, Michael; Toma, Kenji; Torne, Pablo; Trent, Tyler; Trippe, Sascha; Tsuda, Shuichiro; Van Bemmel, Ilse; Van Langevelde, Huib Jan; Van Rossum, Daniel R.; Wagner, Jan; Wardle, John; Weintroub, Jonathan; Wex, Norbert; Wharton, Robert; Wielgus, Maciek; Wong, George N.; Wu, Qingwen; Young, André; Young, Ken; Younsi, Ziri; Yuan, Feng; Yuan, Ye Fei; Zensus, J. Anton; Zhao, Guangyao; Zhao, Shan Shan; Zhu, Ziyan; Cappallo, Roger; Farah, Joseph R.; Folkers, Thomas W.; Meyer-Zhao, Zheng; Michalik, Daniel; Nadolski, Andrew; Nishioka, Hiroaki; Pradel, Nicolas; Primiani, Rurik A.; Souccar, Kamal; Vertatschitsch, Laura; Yamaguchi, Paul.
In: Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 875, No. 1, L3, 10.04.2019.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration
AU - Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, The
AU - Akiyama, Kazunori
AU - Alberdi, Antxon
AU - Alef, Walter
AU - Asada, Keiichi
AU - Azulay, Rebecca
AU - Baczko, Anne Kathrin
AU - Ball, David
AU - Baloković, Mislav
AU - Barrett, John
AU - Bintley, Dan
AU - Blackburn, Lindy
AU - Boland, Wilfred
AU - Bouman, Katherine L.
AU - Bower, Geoffrey C.
AU - Bremer, Michael
AU - Brinkerink, Christiaan D.
AU - Brissenden, Roger
AU - Britzen, Silke
AU - Broderick, Avery E.
AU - Broguiere, Dominique
AU - Bronzwaer, Thomas
AU - Byun, Do Young
AU - Carlstrom, John E.
AU - Chael, Andrew
AU - Chan, Chi Kwan
AU - Chatterjee, Shami
AU - Chatterjee, Koushik
AU - Chen, Ming Tang
AU - Chen, Yongjun
AU - Cho, Ilje
AU - Christian, Pierre
AU - Conway, John E.
AU - Cordes, James M.
AU - Crew, Geoffrey B.
AU - Cui, Yuzhu
AU - Davelaar, Jordy
AU - De Laurentis, Mariafelicia
AU - Deane, Roger
AU - Dempsey, Jessica
AU - Desvignes, Gregory
AU - Dexter, Jason
AU - Doeleman, Sheperd S.
AU - Eatough, Ralph P.
AU - Falcke, Heino
AU - Fish, Vincent L.
AU - Fomalont, Ed
AU - Fraga-Encinas, Raquel
AU - Friberg, Per
AU - Fromm, Christian M.
AU - Gómez, José L.
AU - Galison, Peter
AU - Gammie, Charles F.
AU - Garcia, Roberto
AU - Gentaz, Olivier
AU - Georgiev, Boris
AU - Goddi, Ciriaco
AU - Gold, Roman
AU - Gu, Minfeng
AU - Gurwell, Mark
AU - Hada, Kazuhiro
AU - Hecht, Michael H.
AU - Hesper, Ronald
AU - Ho, Luis C.
AU - Ho, Paul
AU - Honma, Mareki
AU - Huang, Chih Wei L.
AU - Huang, Lei
AU - Hughes, David H.
AU - Ikeda, Shiro
AU - Inoue, Makoto
AU - Issaoun, Sara
AU - James, David J.
AU - Jannuzi, Buell T.
AU - Janssen, Michael
AU - Jeter, Britton
AU - Jiang, Wu
AU - Johnson, Michael D.
AU - Jorstad, Svetlana
AU - Jung, Taehyun
AU - Karami, Mansour
AU - Karuppusamy, Ramesh
AU - Kawashima, Tomohisa
AU - Keating, Garrett K.
AU - Kettenis, Mark
AU - Kim, Jae Young
AU - Kim, Junhan
AU - Kim, Jongsoo
AU - Kino, Motoki
AU - Koay, Jun Yi
AU - Koch, Patrick M.
AU - Koyama, Shoko
AU - Kramer, Michael
AU - Kramer, Carsten
AU - Krichbaum, Thomas P.
AU - Kuo, Cheng Yu
AU - Lauer, Tod R.
AU - Lee, Sang Sung
AU - Li, Yan Rong
AU - Li, Zhiyuan
AU - Lindqvist, Michael
AU - Liu, Kuo
AU - Liuzzo, Elisabetta
AU - Lo, Wen Ping
AU - Lobanov, Andrei P.
AU - Loinard, Laurent
AU - Lonsdale, Colin
AU - Lu, Ru Sen
AU - Macdonald, Nicholas R.
AU - Mao, Jirong
AU - Markoff, Sera
AU - Marrone, Daniel P.
AU - Marscher, Alan P.
AU - Marti-Vidal, Iván
AU - Matsushita, Satoki
AU - Matthews, Lynn D.
AU - Medeiros, Lia
AU - Menten, Karl M.
AU - Mizuno, Yosuke
AU - Mizuno, Izumi
AU - Moran, James M.
AU - Moriyama, Kotaro
AU - Moscibrodzka, Monika
AU - Müller, Cornelia
AU - Nagai, Hiroshi
AU - Nagar, Neil M.
AU - Nakamura, Masanori
AU - Narayan, Ramesh
AU - Narayanan, Gopal
AU - Natarajan, Iniyan
AU - Neri, Roberto
AU - Ni, Chunchong
AU - Noutsos, Aristeidis
AU - Okino, Hiroki
AU - Olivares, Héctor
AU - Ortiz-León, Gisela N.
AU - Oyama, Tomoaki
AU - Ozel, Feryal
AU - Palumbo, Daniel C.M.
AU - Patel, Nimesh
AU - Pen, Ue Li
AU - Pesce, Dominic W.
AU - Piétu, Vincent
AU - Plambeck, Richard
AU - Popstefanija, Aleksandar
AU - Porth, Oliver
AU - Prather, Ben
AU - Preciado-López, Jorge A.
AU - Psaltis, Dimitrios
AU - Pu, Hung Yi
AU - Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh
AU - Rao, Ramprasad
AU - Rawlings, Mark G.
AU - Raymond, Alexander W.
AU - Rezzolla, Luciano
AU - Ripperda, Bart
AU - Roelofs, Freek
AU - Rogers, Alan
AU - Ros, Eduardo
AU - Rose, Mel
AU - Roshanineshat, Arash
AU - Rottmann, Helge
AU - Roy, Alan L.
AU - Ruszczyk, Chet
AU - Ryan, Benjamin R.
AU - Rygl, Kazi L.J.
AU - Sánchez, Salvador
AU - Sánchez-Arguelles, David
AU - Sasada, Mahito
AU - Savolainen, Tuomas
AU - Schloerb, F. Peter
AU - Schuster, Karl Friedrich
AU - Shao, Lijing
AU - Shen, Zhiqiang
AU - Small, Des
AU - Sohn, Bong Won
AU - Soohoo, Jason
AU - Tazaki, Fumie
AU - Tiede, Paul
AU - Tilanus, Remo P.J.
AU - Titus, Michael
AU - Toma, Kenji
AU - Torne, Pablo
AU - Trent, Tyler
AU - Trippe, Sascha
AU - Tsuda, Shuichiro
AU - Van Bemmel, Ilse
AU - Van Langevelde, Huib Jan
AU - Van Rossum, Daniel R.
AU - Wagner, Jan
AU - Wardle, John
AU - Weintroub, Jonathan
AU - Wex, Norbert
AU - Wharton, Robert
AU - Wielgus, Maciek
AU - Wong, George N.
AU - Wu, Qingwen
AU - Young, André
AU - Young, Ken
AU - Younsi, Ziri
AU - Yuan, Feng
AU - Yuan, Ye Fei
AU - Zensus, J. Anton
AU - Zhao, Guangyao
AU - Zhao, Shan Shan
AU - Zhu, Ziyan
AU - Cappallo, Roger
AU - Farah, Joseph R.
AU - Folkers, Thomas W.
AU - Meyer-Zhao, Zheng
AU - Michalik, Daniel
AU - Nadolski, Andrew
AU - Nishioka, Hiroaki
AU - Pradel, Nicolas
AU - Primiani, Rurik A.
AU - Souccar, Kamal
AU - Vertatschitsch, Laura
AU - Yamaguchi, Paul
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2019. The American Astronomical Society..
PY - 2019/4/10
Y1 - 2019/4/10
N2 - We present the calibration and reduction of Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm radio wavelength observations of the supermassive black hole candidate at the center of the radio galaxy M87 and the quasar 3C 279, taken during the 2017 April 5-11 observing campaign. These global very long baseline interferometric observations include for the first time the highly sensitive Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA); reaching an angular resolution of 25 μas, with characteristic sensitivity limits of ∼1 mJy on baselines to ALMA and ∼10 mJy on other baselines. The observations present challenges for existing data processing tools, arising from the rapid atmospheric phase fluctuations, wide recording bandwidth, and highly heterogeneous array. In response, we developed three independent pipelines for phase calibration and fringe detection, each tailored to the specific needs of the EHT. The final data products include calibrated total intensity amplitude and phase information. They are validated through a series of quality assurance tests that show consistency across pipelines and set limits on baseline systematic errors of 2% in amplitude and 1° in phase. The M87 data reveal the presence of two nulls in correlated flux density at ∼3.4 and ∼8.3 Gλ and temporal evolution in closure quantities, indicating intrinsic variability of compact structure on a timescale of days, or several light-crossing times for a few billion solar-mass black hole. These measurements provide the first opportunity to image horizon-scale structure in M87.
AB - We present the calibration and reduction of Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm radio wavelength observations of the supermassive black hole candidate at the center of the radio galaxy M87 and the quasar 3C 279, taken during the 2017 April 5-11 observing campaign. These global very long baseline interferometric observations include for the first time the highly sensitive Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA); reaching an angular resolution of 25 μas, with characteristic sensitivity limits of ∼1 mJy on baselines to ALMA and ∼10 mJy on other baselines. The observations present challenges for existing data processing tools, arising from the rapid atmospheric phase fluctuations, wide recording bandwidth, and highly heterogeneous array. In response, we developed three independent pipelines for phase calibration and fringe detection, each tailored to the specific needs of the EHT. The final data products include calibrated total intensity amplitude and phase information. They are validated through a series of quality assurance tests that show consistency across pipelines and set limits on baseline systematic errors of 2% in amplitude and 1° in phase. The M87 data reveal the presence of two nulls in correlated flux density at ∼3.4 and ∼8.3 Gλ and temporal evolution in closure quantities, indicating intrinsic variability of compact structure on a timescale of days, or several light-crossing times for a few billion solar-mass black hole. These measurements provide the first opportunity to image horizon-scale structure in M87.
KW - black hole physics
KW - galaxies: individual (M87, 3C279)
KW - galaxies: jets
KW - techniques: high angular resolution
KW - techniques: interferometric
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85064448206&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85064448206&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c57
DO - 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c57
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85064448206
VL - 875
JO - Astrophysical Journal Letters
JF - Astrophysical Journal Letters
SN - 2041-8205
IS - 1
M1 - L3
ER -