@article{838426b8fa814558b0c43c177e424184,
title = "Evidence that Swimming May Be Protective of Knee Osteoarthritis: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative",
abstract = "Background: To date, there have not been any epidemiologic studies that have evaluated the association between swimming over a lifetime and knee health. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the relationship of a history of swimming with knee pain, radiographic knee OA (ROA), and symptomatic knee OA (SOA). Design: Cross-sectional retrospective study. Setting: Four academic centers in the United States. Participants: Respondents to the historical physical activity survey within the Osteoarthritis Initiative with knee radiographs and symptom assessments. Methods: In this retrospective study nested within the Osteoarthritis Initiative, researchers performed logistic regression with the predictor being swimming over a lifetime and over particular age ranges. Main Outcome Measurements: Person-based definitions of frequent knee pain, ROA, and SOA. Results: A total of 2637 participants were included, with a mean age of 64.3 years (SD 8.9), body mass index of 28.4 kg/m2 (SD 4.9), and 44.2% male. Over a lifetime, the adjusted prevalence measures for frequent knee pain, ROA, and SOA for any versus no history of swimming were 36.4% (33.4% - 39.5%) v. 39.9% (37.4% - 42.5%), 54.3% (51.0% - 57.6%) v. 61.1% (58.4% - 63.7%), and 21.9% (19.4% - 24.7%) v. 27.0% (24.7% - 29.4%) respectively. Conclusions: This is the first epidemiologic study to indicate that swimming is potentially beneficial toward knee health, particularly when performed earlier in life (before age 35). Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to better scrutinize the associations in older age groups.",
author = "Lo, {Grace H.} and Ikpeama, {Uzoh E.} and Driban, {Jeffrey B.} and Kriska, {Andrea M.} and McAlindon, {Timothy E.} and Petersen, {Nancy J.} and Storti, {Kristi L.} and Eaton, {Charles B.} and Hochberg, {Marc C.} and Jackson, {Rebecca D.} and Kwoh, {C. Kent} and Nevitt, {Michael C.} and Suarez-Almazor, {Maria E.}",
note = "Funding Information: Dr. Lo is supported by K23 AR062127, a National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIH/NIAMS) funded mentored award, providing support for design and conduct of the study, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation and review of this work. Dr. Suarez‐Almazor is supported by K24 AR053593, funded by NIH/NIAMS. Dr. Kwoh reports grants and personal fees from EMD Serono, grants from Abbive, personal fees from Astellas, grants from Pfizer, personal fees from Thusane, personal fees from Regulus, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Regeneron, outside the submitted work. This work is supported in part with resources at the VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (#CIN 13‐413), at the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX. The Osteoarthritis Initiative is a public‐private partnership comprised of five contracts (N01‐AR‐2‐2258; N01‐AR‐2‐2259; N01‐AR‐2‐2260; N01‐AR‐2‐2261; N01‐AR‐2‐2262) funded by the NIH, a branch of the US Department of Health and Human Services, and conducted by the Osteoarthritis Initiative Study Investigators. Private funding partners include Merck Research Laboratories; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, GlaxoSmithKline; and Pfizer, Inc. Private sector funding for the Osteoarthritis Initiative is managed by the foundation for the NIH. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation",
year = "2020",
month = jun,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1002/pmrj.12267",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "12",
pages = "529--537",
journal = "PM and R",
issn = "1934-1482",
publisher = "Elsevier Inc.",
number = "6",
}