ER Stress-Induced Secretion of Proteins and Their Extracellular Functions in the Heart

Bianca A. Meyer, Shirin Doroudgar

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

36 Scopus citations

Abstract

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a result of conditions that imbalance protein homeostasis or proteostasis at the ER, for example ischemia, and is a common event in various human pathologies, including the diseased heart. Cardiac integrity and function depend on the active secretion of mature proteins from a variety of cell types in the heart, a process that requires an intact ER environment for efficient protein folding and trafficking to the secretory pathway. As a consequence of ER stress, most protein secretion by the ER secretory pathway is decreased. Strikingly, there is a select group of proteins that are secreted in greater quantities during ER stress. ER stress resulting from the dysregulation of ER Ca2+ levels, for instance, stimulates the secretion of Ca2+-binding ER chaperones, especially GRP78, GRP94, calreticulin, and mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), which play a multitude of roles outside the cell, strongly depending on the cell type and tissue. Here we review current insights in ER stress-induced secretion of proteins, particularly from the heart, and highlight the extracellular functions of these proteins, ranging from the augmentation of cardiac cell viability to the modulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic, oncogenic, and immune-stimulatory cell signaling, cell invasion, extracellular proteostasis, and more. Many of the roles of ER stress-induced protein secretion remain to be explored in the heart. This article is part of a special issue entitled "The Role of Proteostasis Derailment in Cardiac Diseases."

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number2079
JournalCells
Volume9
Issue number9
DOIs
StatePublished - Sep 10 2020
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • ER stress
  • cardiac myocytes
  • cardiokines
  • cell signaling
  • protein secretion
  • proteostasis
  • secreted ER chaperones
  • unfolded protein response (UPR)

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

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