TY - JOUR
T1 - Enteric and indicator virus removal by surface flow wetlands
AU - Rachmadi, Andri T.
AU - Kitajima, Masaaki
AU - Pepper, Ian L.
AU - Gerba, Charles P.
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center at the University of Arizona. Andri Rachmadi was the recipient of the Fulbright and Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) Fellowships during this study. The authors thank Sherif Abdel Maksoud at the University of Arizona for his technical assistance in tissue culture.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2016/1/15
Y1 - 2016/1/15
N2 - We investigated the occurrence and attenuation of several human enteric viruses (i.e., norovirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus 1, polyomaviruses, and enterovirus) as well as a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), at two surface flow wetlands in Arizona. The retention time in one of the wetlands was seven days, whereas in the other wetland it could not be defined. Water samples were collected at the inlet and outlet from the wetlands over nine months, and concentration of viral genomes was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Of the human enteric viruses tested, adenovirus and Aichi virus 1 were found in the greatest prevalence in treated wastewater (i.e., inlet of the wetlands). Reduction efficiencies of enteric viruses by the wetlands ranged from 1 to 3log10. Polyomaviruses were generally removed to below detection limit, indicating at least 2 to 4log10 removal. PMMoV was detected in a greater concentration in the inlet of both wetlands for all the viruses tested (104 to 107genomecopies/L), but exhibited little or no removal (1log10 or less). To determine the factors associated with virus genome attenuation (as determined by qPCR), the persistence of PMMoV and poliovirus type 1 (an enterovirus) was studied in autoclaved and natural wetland water, and deionized water incubated under three different temperatures for 21days. A combination of elevated water temperature and biological activities reduced poliovirus by 1 to 4log10, while PMMoV was not significantly reduced during this time period. Overall, PMMoV showed much greater persistence than human viruses in the wetland treatment.
AB - We investigated the occurrence and attenuation of several human enteric viruses (i.e., norovirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus 1, polyomaviruses, and enterovirus) as well as a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), at two surface flow wetlands in Arizona. The retention time in one of the wetlands was seven days, whereas in the other wetland it could not be defined. Water samples were collected at the inlet and outlet from the wetlands over nine months, and concentration of viral genomes was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Of the human enteric viruses tested, adenovirus and Aichi virus 1 were found in the greatest prevalence in treated wastewater (i.e., inlet of the wetlands). Reduction efficiencies of enteric viruses by the wetlands ranged from 1 to 3log10. Polyomaviruses were generally removed to below detection limit, indicating at least 2 to 4log10 removal. PMMoV was detected in a greater concentration in the inlet of both wetlands for all the viruses tested (104 to 107genomecopies/L), but exhibited little or no removal (1log10 or less). To determine the factors associated with virus genome attenuation (as determined by qPCR), the persistence of PMMoV and poliovirus type 1 (an enterovirus) was studied in autoclaved and natural wetland water, and deionized water incubated under three different temperatures for 21days. A combination of elevated water temperature and biological activities reduced poliovirus by 1 to 4log10, while PMMoV was not significantly reduced during this time period. Overall, PMMoV showed much greater persistence than human viruses in the wetland treatment.
KW - Constructed wetland
KW - Inactivation
KW - Quantitative PCR
KW - Virus
KW - Water reclamation
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U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.001
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.001
M3 - Article
C2 - 26562344
AN - SCOPUS:84946593814
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 542
SP - 976
EP - 982
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
ER -