Enhanced photoemission spectroscopy for verification of high-risk i.v. medications

Purpose. The sensitivity and specificity of enhanced photoemission spectroscopy (EPS) for performing an automated final check of compounded i.v. admixtures at a pediatric hospital pharmacy were studied. Methods. A tabletop EPS device was used to test samples of seven high-risk drug-diluent combinations compounded in the pharmacy; the drugs were vancomycin, lorazepam, morphine, insulin, hydromorphone, gentamicin, and epinephrine. Ten sets of samples were prepared for each drug. Typically, a sample set consisted of dilutions ranging from 10-fold above to 10-fold below the targeted concentration. Testing was performed twice weekly between November 2005 and March 2006. Results. The EPS device detected errors departing from the targeted concentration by 20% or more with a sensitivity of at least 95%. Specificity in distinguishing among test medications at targeted concentrations was 100%. The percentage of passing samples with intermediate concentrations varied among the drugs. Conclusion. A tabletop EPS device demonstrated acceptable sensitivity and specificity for validating the identity and concentrations of selected high-risk i.v. medications compounded for pediatric patients.The device may help prevent clinically important medication errors caused by inaccurate compounding.