TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of mutation of carboxyl side-chain amino acids near the heme on the midpoint potentials and ligand binding constants of nitrophorin 2 and its NO, histamine, and imidazole complexes
AU - Berry, Robert E.
AU - Shokhirev, Maxim N.
AU - Ho, Arthur Y.W.
AU - Yang, Fei
AU - Shokhireva, Tatiana K.
AU - Zhang, Hongjun
AU - Weichsel, Andrzej
AU - Montfort, William R.
AU - Ann Walker, F.
PY - 2009/2/18
Y1 - 2009/2/18
N2 - Nitrophorins (NPs) are a group of NO-carrying heme proteins found in the saliva of a bloodsucking insect from tropical Central and South America, Rhodnius prolixus, the "kissing bug". NO is kept stable for long periods of time by binding it as an axial ligand to a ferriheme center. The fact that the nitrophorins are stabilized as Fe III-NO proteins is a unique property because most heme proteins are readily autoreduced by excess NO and bind NO to the Fe(II) heme irreversibly (K ds in the picomolar range). In contrast, the nitrophorins, as Fe(III) heme centers, have K ds in the micromolar to nanomolar range and thus allow NO to dissociate upon dilution following injection into the tissues of the victim. This NO can cause vasodilation and thereby allow more blood to be transported to the site of the wound. We prepared 13 site-directed mutants of three major nitrophorins, NP2, NP1, and NP4, to investigate the stabilization of the ferric-NO heme center and preservation of reversible binding that facilitates these proteins' NO storage, transport, and release functions. Of the mutations in which Glu and/or Asp were replaced by Ala, most of these carboxyls show a significant role stabilizing Fe IIINO over Fe II-NO, with buried E53 of NP2 or E55 of NP1 and NP4 being the most important and partially buried D29 of NP2 or D30 of NP4 being second in importance. The pK as of the carboxyl groups studied vary significantly but all are largely deprotonated at pH 7.5 except E124.
AB - Nitrophorins (NPs) are a group of NO-carrying heme proteins found in the saliva of a bloodsucking insect from tropical Central and South America, Rhodnius prolixus, the "kissing bug". NO is kept stable for long periods of time by binding it as an axial ligand to a ferriheme center. The fact that the nitrophorins are stabilized as Fe III-NO proteins is a unique property because most heme proteins are readily autoreduced by excess NO and bind NO to the Fe(II) heme irreversibly (K ds in the picomolar range). In contrast, the nitrophorins, as Fe(III) heme centers, have K ds in the micromolar to nanomolar range and thus allow NO to dissociate upon dilution following injection into the tissues of the victim. This NO can cause vasodilation and thereby allow more blood to be transported to the site of the wound. We prepared 13 site-directed mutants of three major nitrophorins, NP2, NP1, and NP4, to investigate the stabilization of the ferric-NO heme center and preservation of reversible binding that facilitates these proteins' NO storage, transport, and release functions. Of the mutations in which Glu and/or Asp were replaced by Ala, most of these carboxyls show a significant role stabilizing Fe IIINO over Fe II-NO, with buried E53 of NP2 or E55 of NP1 and NP4 being the most important and partially buried D29 of NP2 or D30 of NP4 being second in importance. The pK as of the carboxyl groups studied vary significantly but all are largely deprotonated at pH 7.5 except E124.
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U2 - 10.1021/ja808105d
DO - 10.1021/ja808105d
M3 - Article
C2 - 19175316
AN - SCOPUS:65349191154
VL - 131
SP - 2313
EP - 2327
JO - Journal of the American Chemical Society
JF - Journal of the American Chemical Society
SN - 0002-7863
IS - 6
ER -