@article{13eb1ce1a8c64339bc67c16cc42a485c,
title = "Dynamic Myofibrillar Remodeling in Live Cardiomyocytes under Static Stretch",
abstract = "An increase in mechanical load in the heart causes cardiac hypertrophy, either physiologically (heart development, exercise and pregnancy) or pathologically (high blood pressure and heart-valve regurgitation). Understanding cardiac hypertrophy is critical to comprehending the mechanisms of heart development and treatment of heart disease. However, the major molecular event that occurs during physiological or pathological hypertrophy is the dynamic process of sarcomeric addition, and it has not been observed. In this study, a custom-built second harmonic generation (SHG) confocal microscope was used to study dynamic sarcomeric addition in single neonatal CMs in a 3D culture system under acute, uniaxial, static, sustained stretch. Here we report, for the first time, live-cell observations of various modes of dynamic sarcomeric addition (and how these real-time images compare to static images from hypertrophic hearts reported in the literature): 1) Insertion in the mid-region or addition at the end of a myofibril; 2) Sequential addition with an existing myofibril as a template; and 3) Longitudinal splitting of an existing myofibril. The 3D cell culture system developed on a deformable substrate affixed to a stretcher and the SHG live-cell imaging technique are unique tools for real-time analysis of cultured models of hypertrophy.",
author = "Huaxiao Yang and Schmidt, {Lucas P.} and Zhonghai Wang and Xiaoqi Yang and Yonghong Shao and Borg, {Thomas K.} and Roger Markwald and Raymond Runyan and Gao, {Bruce Z.}",
note = "Funding Information: H.Y. conducted the imaging acquisition under stretch, wrote the first draft of the manuscript and prepared the movies, L.S. designed the stretcher, Z.W., set up the S.H.G. imaging system, X.Y. prepared the cell culture and all figures, Y.S. designed and built the imaging system and was the Co-PI of the CNNSF grant that partially supported the research, T.B. established the cell culture model and was the Co-PI of the AHA grant that partially supported the research, R.M. summarized the data and revised the manuscript, RR rewrote the discussion and was the Co-PI of the NIH grant that partially support the research, BG revised the manuscript and was the Co-PI of the three grants. Funding Information: This research is partially supported by NIH (P20GM103444 and R01HL124782), AHA (14GRNT20520004) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171372). The authors would like to thank Dr. Terri Bruce of Clemson Light Imaging Facility at Clemson University for help with the confocal microscope and Dr. Yuhong Yang of the University of Minnesota for help with the statistical analysis. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016, Nature Publishing Group. All rights reserved.",
year = "2016",
month = feb,
day = "10",
doi = "10.1038/srep20674",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "6",
journal = "Scientific Reports",
issn = "2045-2322",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
}