Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing

J. D. Vieira; D. P. Marrone; S. C. Chapman; C. De Breuck; Y. D. Hezaveh; A. Wei; J. E. Aguirre; K. A. Aird; M. Aravena; M. L.N. Ashby; M. Bayliss; B. A. Benson; A. D. Biggs; L. E. Bleem; J. J. Bock; M. Bothwell; C. M. Bradford; M. Brodwin; J. E. Carlstrom; C. L. Chang; T. M. Crawford; A. T. Crites; T. De Haan; M. A. Dobbs; E. B. Fomalont; C. D. Fassnacht; E. M. George; M. D. Gladders; A. H. Gonzalez; T. R. Greve; B. Gullberg; N. W. Halverson; F. W. High; G. P. Holder; W. L. Holzapfel; S. Hoover; J. D. Hrubes; T. R. Hunter; R. Keisler; A. T. Lee; E. M. Leitch; M. Lueker; D. Luong-Van; M. Malkan; V. McIntyre; J. J. McMahon; J. Mehl; K. M. Menten; S. S. Meyer; L. M. Mocanu; E. J. Murphy; T. Natoli; S. Padin; T. Plagge; C. L. Reichardt; A. Rest; J. Ruel; J. E. Ruhl; K. Sharon; K. K. Schaffer; L. Shaw; E. Shirokoff; J. S. Spilker; B. Stalder; Z. Staniszewski; A. A. Stark; K. Story; K. Vanderlinde; N. Welikala; R. Williamson

doi:10.1038/nature12001

Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing

J. D. Vieira, D. P. Marrone, S. C. Chapman, C. De Breuck, Y. D. Hezaveh, A. Wei, J. E. Aguirre, K. A. Aird, M. Aravena, M. L.N. Ashby, M. Bayliss, B. A. Benson, A. D. Biggs, L. E. Bleem, J. J. Bock, M. Bothwell, C. M. Bradford, M. Brodwin, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. ChangT. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, T. De Haan, M. A. Dobbs, E. B. Fomalont, C. D. Fassnacht, E. M. George, M. D. Gladders, A. H. Gonzalez, T. R. Greve, B. Gullberg, N. W. Halverson, F. W. High, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, S. Hoover, J. D. Hrubes, T. R. Hunter, R. Keisler, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, M. Lueker, D. Luong-Van, M. Malkan, V. McIntyre, J. J. McMahon, J. Mehl, K. M. Menten, S. S. Meyer, L. M. Mocanu, E. J. Murphy, T. Natoli, S. Padin, T. Plagge, C. L. Reichardt, A. Rest, J. Ruel, J. E. Ruhl, K. Sharon, K. K. Schaffer, L. Shaw, E. Shirokoff, J. S. Spilker, B. Stalder, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, K. Story, K. Vanderlinde, N. Welikala, R. Williamson

Astronomy

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Abstract

In the past decade, our understanding of galaxy evolution has been revolutionized by the discovery that luminous, dusty starburst galaxies were 1,000 times more abundant in the early Universe than at present. It has, however, been difficult to measure the complete redshift distribution of these objects, especially at the highest redshifts (z>4). Here we report a redshift survey at a wavelength of three millimetres, targeting carbon monoxide line emission from the star-forming molecular gas in the direction of extraordinarily bright millimetre-wave-selected sources. High-resolution imaging demonstrates that these sources are strongly gravitationally lensed by foreground galaxies. We detect spectral lines in 23 out of 26 sources and multiple lines in 12 of those 23 sources, from which we obtain robust, unambiguous redshifts. At least 10 of the sources are found to lie at z>4, indicating that the fraction of dusty starburst galaxies at high redshifts is greater than previously thought. Models of lens geometries in the sample indicate that the background objects are ultra-luminous infrared galaxies, powered by extreme bursts of star formation.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	344-347
Number of pages	4
Journal	Nature
Volume	495
Issue number	7441
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12001
State	Published - Mar 21 2013

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Vieira, J. D., Marrone, D. P., Chapman, S. C., De Breuck, C., Hezaveh, Y. D., Wei, A., Aguirre, J. E., Aird, K. A., Aravena, M., Ashby, M. L. N., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Biggs, A. D., Bleem, L. E., Bock, J. J., Bothwell, M., Bradford, C. M., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., ... Williamson, R. (2013). Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing. Nature, 495(7441), 344-347. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12001

Vieira, JD, Marrone, DP, Chapman, SC, De Breuck, C, Hezaveh, YD, Wei, A, Aguirre, JE, Aird, KA, Aravena, M, Ashby, MLN, Bayliss, M, Benson, BA, Biggs, AD, Bleem, LE, Bock, JJ, Bothwell, M, Bradford, CM, Brodwin, M, Carlstrom, JE, Chang, CL, Crawford, TM, Crites, AT, De Haan, T, Dobbs, MA, Fomalont, EB, Fassnacht, CD, George, EM, Gladders, MD, Gonzalez, AH, Greve, TR, Gullberg, B, Halverson, NW, High, FW, Holder, GP, Holzapfel, WL, Hoover, S, Hrubes, JD, Hunter, TR, Keisler, R, Lee, AT, Leitch, EM, Lueker, M, Luong-Van, D, Malkan, M, McIntyre, V, McMahon, JJ, Mehl, J, Menten, KM, Meyer, SS, Mocanu, LM, Murphy, EJ, Natoli, T, Padin, S, Plagge, T, Reichardt, CL, Rest, A, Ruel, J, Ruhl, JE, Sharon, K, Schaffer, KK, Shaw, L, Shirokoff, E, Spilker, JS, Stalder, B, Staniszewski, Z, Stark, AA, Story, K, Vanderlinde, K, Welikala, N & Williamson, R 2013, 'Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing', Nature, vol. 495, no. 7441, pp. 344-347. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12001

@article{3515b126776e445abc379d6ce74ef22b,

title = "Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing",

abstract = "In the past decade, our understanding of galaxy evolution has been revolutionized by the discovery that luminous, dusty starburst galaxies were 1,000 times more abundant in the early Universe than at present. It has, however, been difficult to measure the complete redshift distribution of these objects, especially at the highest redshifts (z>4). Here we report a redshift survey at a wavelength of three millimetres, targeting carbon monoxide line emission from the star-forming molecular gas in the direction of extraordinarily bright millimetre-wave-selected sources. High-resolution imaging demonstrates that these sources are strongly gravitationally lensed by foreground galaxies. We detect spectral lines in 23 out of 26 sources and multiple lines in 12 of those 23 sources, from which we obtain robust, unambiguous redshifts. At least 10 of the sources are found to lie at z>4, indicating that the fraction of dusty starburst galaxies at high redshifts is greater than previously thought. Models of lens geometries in the sample indicate that the background objects are ultra-luminous infrared galaxies, powered by extreme bursts of star formation.",

author = "Vieira, {J. D.} and Marrone, {D. P.} and Chapman, {S. C.} and {De Breuck}, C. and Hezaveh, {Y. D.} and A. Wei and Aguirre, {J. E.} and Aird, {K. A.} and M. Aravena and Ashby, {M. L.N.} and M. Bayliss and Benson, {B. A.} and Biggs, {A. D.} and Bleem, {L. E.} and Bock, {J. J.} and M. Bothwell and Bradford, {C. M.} and M. Brodwin and Carlstrom, {J. E.} and Chang, {C. L.} and Crawford, {T. M.} and Crites, {A. T.} and {De Haan}, T. and Dobbs, {M. A.} and Fomalont, {E. B.} and Fassnacht, {C. D.} and George, {E. M.} and Gladders, {M. D.} and Gonzalez, {A. H.} and Greve, {T. R.} and B. Gullberg and Halverson, {N. W.} and High, {F. W.} and Holder, {G. P.} and Holzapfel, {W. L.} and S. Hoover and Hrubes, {J. D.} and Hunter, {T. R.} and R. Keisler and Lee, {A. T.} and Leitch, {E. M.} and M. Lueker and D. Luong-Van and M. Malkan and V. McIntyre and McMahon, {J. J.} and J. Mehl and Menten, {K. M.} and Meyer, {S. S.} and Mocanu, {L. M.} and Murphy, {E. J.} and T. Natoli and S. Padin and T. Plagge and Reichardt, {C. L.} and A. Rest and J. Ruel and Ruhl, {J. E.} and K. Sharon and Schaffer, {K. K.} and L. Shaw and E. Shirokoff and Spilker, {J. S.} and B. Stalder and Z. Staniszewski and Stark, {A. A.} and K. Story and K. Vanderlinde and N. Welikala and R. Williamson",

note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation, the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada) and NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), in cooperation with Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. Partial support for this work was provided by NASA from the Space Telescope Science Institute. This work is based in part on observations made with Herschel, a European Space Agency Cornerstone Mission with significant participation by NASA. Work at McGill University is supported by NSERC, the CRC programme and CIfAR.",

year = "2013",

month = mar,

day = "21",

doi = "10.1038/nature12001",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "495",

pages = "344--347",

journal = "Nature",

issn = "0028-0836",

publisher = "Nature Research",

number = "7441",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing

AU - Vieira, J. D.

AU - Marrone, D. P.

AU - Chapman, S. C.

AU - De Breuck, C.

AU - Hezaveh, Y. D.

AU - Wei, A.

AU - Aguirre, J. E.

AU - Aird, K. A.

AU - Aravena, M.

AU - Ashby, M. L.N.

AU - Bayliss, M.

AU - Benson, B. A.

AU - Biggs, A. D.

AU - Bleem, L. E.

AU - Bock, J. J.

AU - Bothwell, M.

AU - Bradford, C. M.

AU - Brodwin, M.

AU - Carlstrom, J. E.

AU - Chang, C. L.

AU - Crawford, T. M.

AU - Crites, A. T.

AU - De Haan, T.

AU - Dobbs, M. A.

AU - Fomalont, E. B.

AU - Fassnacht, C. D.

AU - George, E. M.

AU - Gladders, M. D.

AU - Gonzalez, A. H.

AU - Greve, T. R.

AU - Gullberg, B.

AU - Halverson, N. W.

AU - High, F. W.

AU - Holder, G. P.

AU - Holzapfel, W. L.

AU - Hoover, S.

AU - Hrubes, J. D.

AU - Hunter, T. R.

AU - Keisler, R.

AU - Lee, A. T.

AU - Leitch, E. M.

AU - Lueker, M.

AU - Luong-Van, D.

AU - Malkan, M.

AU - McIntyre, V.

AU - McMahon, J. J.

AU - Mehl, J.

AU - Menten, K. M.

AU - Meyer, S. S.

AU - Mocanu, L. M.

AU - Murphy, E. J.

AU - Natoli, T.

AU - Padin, S.

AU - Plagge, T.

AU - Reichardt, C. L.

AU - Rest, A.

AU - Ruel, J.

AU - Ruhl, J. E.

AU - Sharon, K.

AU - Schaffer, K. K.

AU - Shaw, L.

AU - Shirokoff, E.

AU - Spilker, J. S.

AU - Stalder, B.

AU - Staniszewski, Z.

AU - Stark, A. A.

AU - Story, K.

AU - Vanderlinde, K.

AU - Welikala, N.

AU - Williamson, R.

N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgements The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation, the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada) and NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), in cooperation with Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. Partial support for this work was provided by NASA from the Space Telescope Science Institute. This work is based in part on observations made with Herschel, a European Space Agency Cornerstone Mission with significant participation by NASA. Work at McGill University is supported by NSERC, the CRC programme and CIfAR.

PY - 2013/3/21

Y1 - 2013/3/21

N2 - In the past decade, our understanding of galaxy evolution has been revolutionized by the discovery that luminous, dusty starburst galaxies were 1,000 times more abundant in the early Universe than at present. It has, however, been difficult to measure the complete redshift distribution of these objects, especially at the highest redshifts (z>4). Here we report a redshift survey at a wavelength of three millimetres, targeting carbon monoxide line emission from the star-forming molecular gas in the direction of extraordinarily bright millimetre-wave-selected sources. High-resolution imaging demonstrates that these sources are strongly gravitationally lensed by foreground galaxies. We detect spectral lines in 23 out of 26 sources and multiple lines in 12 of those 23 sources, from which we obtain robust, unambiguous redshifts. At least 10 of the sources are found to lie at z>4, indicating that the fraction of dusty starburst galaxies at high redshifts is greater than previously thought. Models of lens geometries in the sample indicate that the background objects are ultra-luminous infrared galaxies, powered by extreme bursts of star formation.

AB - In the past decade, our understanding of galaxy evolution has been revolutionized by the discovery that luminous, dusty starburst galaxies were 1,000 times more abundant in the early Universe than at present. It has, however, been difficult to measure the complete redshift distribution of these objects, especially at the highest redshifts (z>4). Here we report a redshift survey at a wavelength of three millimetres, targeting carbon monoxide line emission from the star-forming molecular gas in the direction of extraordinarily bright millimetre-wave-selected sources. High-resolution imaging demonstrates that these sources are strongly gravitationally lensed by foreground galaxies. We detect spectral lines in 23 out of 26 sources and multiple lines in 12 of those 23 sources, from which we obtain robust, unambiguous redshifts. At least 10 of the sources are found to lie at z>4, indicating that the fraction of dusty starburst galaxies at high redshifts is greater than previously thought. Models of lens geometries in the sample indicate that the background objects are ultra-luminous infrared galaxies, powered by extreme bursts of star formation.

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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84875367120&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1038/nature12001

DO - 10.1038/nature12001

M3 - Article

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AN - SCOPUS:84875367120

SN - 0028-0836

VL - 495

SP - 344

EP - 347

JO - Nature

JF - Nature

IS - 7441

ER -

Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing

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