TY - JOUR
T1 - DSP toxin production de novo in cultures of Dinophysis acuminata (Dinophyceae) from North America
AU - Hackett, Jeremiah D.
AU - Tong, Mengmeng
AU - Kulis, David M.
AU - Fux, Elie
AU - Hess, Philipp
AU - Bire, Ronel
AU - Anderson, Donald M.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was partially funded by a Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research postdoctoral scholarship and research funds provided by the BIO5 Institute at the University of Arizona to JDH. Analyses carried out at the Marine Institute were funded through the EU-FP7 project BIOTOX (STREP FOOD-CT-2004-514074). Support for M. Tong provided by the China Scholarship Council (CSC) 2007 and Nankai University. Research was also supported by grants (to DMA) from the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health through grants NIEHS P50 ES 012742 and NSF OCE-043072. Support to DMA also provided by NSF OCE-0402707 and OCE-0850421, and by the Ocean Life Institute at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. M. Quilliam and Dr. C. Miles for providing the reference solutions of OA-D8 and PTX-11.[SS]
PY - 2009/9
Y1 - 2009/9
N2 - For decades, many aspects of Dinophysis biology have remained intractable due to our inability to maintain these organisms in laboratory cultures. Recent breakthroughs in culture methods have opened the door for detailed investigations of these important algae. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate toxin production in cultures of North American Dinophysis acuminata, isolated from Woods Hole, MA. These findings show that, despite the rarity of Dinophysis-related DSP events in North America, D. acuminata from this area has the ability to produce DSP toxins just as it does in other parts of the world where this species is a major cause of DSP toxicity. In our cultures, D. acuminata cells were observed feeding on Myrionecta rubra using a peduncle. Culture extracts were analyzed using LC-MS/MS, providing unequivocal evidence for the toxin DTX1 in the Dinophysis cultures. In addition, a significant amount of an okadaic acid diol ester, OA-D8, was detected. These results suggest that this Dinophysis isolate stores much of its OA as a diol ester. Also, toxin PTX-2 and a hydroxylated PTX-2 with identical fragmentation mass spectrum to that of PTX-11, but with a different retention time, were detected in this D. acuminata culture. This demonstration of toxin production in cultured North American Dinophysis sets the stage for more detailed studies investigating the causes of geographic differences in toxicity. It is now clear that North American Dinophysis have the ability to produce DSP toxins even though they only rarely cause toxic DSP events in nature. This may reflect environmental conditions that might induce or repress toxin production, genetic differences that cause modifications in toxin gene expression, or physiological and biochemical differences in prey species.
AB - For decades, many aspects of Dinophysis biology have remained intractable due to our inability to maintain these organisms in laboratory cultures. Recent breakthroughs in culture methods have opened the door for detailed investigations of these important algae. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate toxin production in cultures of North American Dinophysis acuminata, isolated from Woods Hole, MA. These findings show that, despite the rarity of Dinophysis-related DSP events in North America, D. acuminata from this area has the ability to produce DSP toxins just as it does in other parts of the world where this species is a major cause of DSP toxicity. In our cultures, D. acuminata cells were observed feeding on Myrionecta rubra using a peduncle. Culture extracts were analyzed using LC-MS/MS, providing unequivocal evidence for the toxin DTX1 in the Dinophysis cultures. In addition, a significant amount of an okadaic acid diol ester, OA-D8, was detected. These results suggest that this Dinophysis isolate stores much of its OA as a diol ester. Also, toxin PTX-2 and a hydroxylated PTX-2 with identical fragmentation mass spectrum to that of PTX-11, but with a different retention time, were detected in this D. acuminata culture. This demonstration of toxin production in cultured North American Dinophysis sets the stage for more detailed studies investigating the causes of geographic differences in toxicity. It is now clear that North American Dinophysis have the ability to produce DSP toxins even though they only rarely cause toxic DSP events in nature. This may reflect environmental conditions that might induce or repress toxin production, genetic differences that cause modifications in toxin gene expression, or physiological and biochemical differences in prey species.
KW - Diarrhetic shellfish poisioning (DSP)
KW - Dinophysis
KW - Okadaic acid
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U2 - 10.1016/j.hal.2009.04.004
DO - 10.1016/j.hal.2009.04.004
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:69449107307
SN - 1568-9883
VL - 8
SP - 873
EP - 879
JO - Harmful Algae
JF - Harmful Algae
IS - 6
ER -