@article{08fa1699ac5e46fd9cad45feb72f46cc,
title = "Does Season of Reported Dietary Intake Influence Diet Quality? Analysis from the Women's Health Initiative",
abstract = "We evaluated the role of seasonality in self-reported diet quality among postmenopausal women participating in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). A total of 156,911 women completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at enrollment (1993-1998). FFQ responses reflected intake over the prior 3-month period, and seasons were defined as spring (March-May), summer (June-August), fall (September-November), and winter (December-February). FFQ data were used to calculate the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), a measure of diet quality that has a score range of 2.5-87.5, with higher scores representing better diet quality. In multivariable linear regression models using winter as the reference season, AHEI scores were higher in spring, summer, and fall (all P values < 0.05); although significant, the variance was minimal (mean AHEI score: winter, 41.7 (standard deviation, 11.3); summer, 42.2 (standard deviation, 11.3)). Applying these findings to hypothesis-driven association analysis of diet quality and its relationship with chronic disease risk (cardiovascular disease) showed that controlling for season had no effect on the estimated hazard ratios. Although significant differences in diet quality across seasons can be detected in this population of US postmenopausal women, these differences are not substantial enough to warrant consideration in association studies of diet quality.",
keywords = "diet quality, dietary measurement, season, women's health",
author = "Crane, {Tracy E.} and Latif, {Yasmin Abdel} and Wertheim, {Betsy C.} and Kohler, {Lindsay N.} and Garcia, {David O.} and Rhee, {Jinnie J.} and Rebecca Seguin and Rasa Kazlauskaite and Shikany, {James M.} and Thomson, {Cynthia A.}",
note = "Funding Information: Author affiliations: Biobehavioral Health Sciences Division, College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (Tracy E. Crane); University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona (Tracy E. Crane, Betsy C. Wertheim, Lindsay N. Kohler, David O. Garcia, Cynthia A. Thomson); Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt (Yasmin Abdel Latif); Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (Betsy C. Wertheim, Lindsay N. Kohler, David O. Garcia, Cynthia A. Thomson); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California (Jinnie J. Rhee); Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (Rebecca Seguin); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois (Rasa Kazlauskaite); and Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (James M. Shikany). This research was supported by the National Cancer Institute under award P30 CA023074 and the University of Arizona Collaboratory for Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment. The Women{\textquoteright}s Health Initiative is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the US Department of Health and Human Services through contracts HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, and HHSN271201100004C. Conflict of interest: none declared. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 The Author(s).",
year = "2019",
month = jul,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1093/aje/kwz087",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "188",
pages = "1304--1310",
journal = "American Journal of Epidemiology",
issn = "0002-9262",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "7",
}