@article{d1429cfe49614b6e816314a07e7deb22,
title = "Distributions of waterborne pathogens in raw wastewater based on a 14-month, multi-site monitoring campaign",
abstract = "The California State Water Resources Control Board is the first regulatory body in the United States to develop statewide regulations for direct potable reuse (DPR). To support this effort, a pathogen monitoring campaign was undertaken to develop and implement an optimized standard operating protocol to better characterize the concentration of human pathogens in raw wastewater. Methods to detect relevant viral and protozoan pathogens in raw wastewater were optimized and implemented during a 14-month monitoring campaign. Over 120 samples were collected from five wastewater treatment plants treating a quarter of California's population. Samples were analyzed for two protozoa (Cryptosporidium and Giardia) using microscopy methods, three enteric viruses (enterovirus, adenovirus, and norovirus) using culture and/or molecular methods, and male-specific coliphage using culture methods. The method recovery efficiency was measured in every protozoa sample and every other virus sample to confirm minimum recovery efficiencies were achieved and to correct the concentrations for pathogen losses during sample processing. The results from this study provide the industry with a large, high-quality dataset as demonstrated by the high degree of method sensitivity, method recovery, and QA/QC steps. Such high-quality data on pathogen concentrations in raw wastewater are critical for confirming the level of treatment needed to reduce pathogen concentrations down to acceptable levels for potable water in DPR projects.",
keywords = "Cryptosporidium, Enterovirus, Pathogen concentrations, Potable reuse, Wastewater monitoring",
author = "Pecson, {Brian M.} and Emily Darby and Richard Danielson and Yeggie Dearborn and Giovanni, {George Di} and Walter Jakubowski and Menu Leddy and George Lukasik and Bonnie Mull and Nelson, {Kara L.} and Adam Olivieri and Channah Rock and Theresa Slifko",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the California State Water Resources Control Board with funding from Proposition 1 Water Recycling Research (Water Bond 2014) via Grant Agreement No. D1705002, and by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California with funding from the Future Supply Actions Funding Program via Agreement No. 180315. Funding Information: This work was supported by the California State Water Resources Control Board with funding from Proposition 1 Water Recycling Research (Water Bond 2014) via Grant Agreement No. D1705002, and by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California with funding from the Future Supply Actions Funding Program via Agreement No. 180315. The authors would like to thank Robert Brownwood and Claire Waggoner (State Water Resources Control Board) and Julie Minton (The Water Research Foundation) for managing and overseeing the research effort. We thank multiple individuals who assisted with the collection of raw wastewater samples at the treatment plants including Timeyin Dafeta, Nasir Emami, Hubertus Cox, Kimia Nader-Tehrani, and Hamed Haddad Zadegan (LASAN), Joseph Quicho, Margaret Llagas, John Carroll, and Mohamed Dembele (San Diego), Nikos Melitas, Eric Krikorian, Patricia Hsia, and Michael Liu (LACSD), Samuel Choi and Margil Jimenez (OCSD), Megan Plumlee and Julio Polanco (OCWD), George Engel and John O'Connell (SFPUC), Mitchel Bartolo and Aviv Kolakovsky (Trussell Technologies). We thank Fu-Chih Hsu and Rebecca Wong (Scientific Methods) for assistance with sample enumeration. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022",
year = "2022",
month = apr,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1016/j.watres.2022.118170",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "213",
journal = "Water research",
issn = "0043-1354",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
}