Cytokine Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels in Mouse Spleen: Paradoxical Effects of Interferon-γ and Interleukin-4

Under normal physiological conditions, PTH-related protein (PTHrP) is produced in a wide variety of tissues and is thought to act locally in an autocrine or paracrine fashion more analogous to cytokines than to classic hormones such as PTH. In addition, we have recently shown that, like cytokines, PTHrP is induced in the spleen during the response to sublethal doses of endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] an effect that is mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). As complex cytokine cascades are induced in response to infectious or inflammatory stimuli, the effects of other prototypical inflammatory [interferon-γ (IFNγ)] or antiinflammatory [interleukin-4 (IL-4)] cytokines on PTHrP gene expression were studied. Paradoxically, IFN-γ (50 μg), a cytokine that usually synergizes with TNF, inhibited LPS induction of splenic PTHrP messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in LPS-sensitive C3H/ OuJ (OuJ) and LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ (HeJ) mice. The stimulation of splenic PTHrP mRNA levels caused by the administration of TNFα or interleukin-1β was similarly inhibited by IFNγ, a type II interferon. In contrast, IFNα (50 μ), a type I interferon, stimulated splenic levels of PTHrP mRNA. IL-4, a prototypical antiinflammatory cytokine, also had a paradoxical effect on LPS induction of splenic PTHrP mRNA levels. Instead of inhibiting LPS induction of splenic PTHrP mRNA levels in OuJ or HeJ mice, IL-4 (200 ng) actually stimulated PTHrP mRNA levels. These complex cytokine interactions suggest that the expression of PTHrP in response to infectious or inflammatory stimuli depends on the counterbalancing effects of the specific cytokine networks induced by each stimulus.