@article{bd7b078b9062472393115c403c9b2320,
title = "Coupled Modes of North Atlantic Ocean-Atmosphere Variability and the Onset of the Little Ice Age",
abstract = "Hydroclimate extremes in North America, Europe, and the Mediterranean are linked to ocean and atmospheric circulation anomalies in the Atlantic, but the limited length of the instrumental record prevents complete identification and characterization of these patterns of covariability especially at decadal to centennial time scales. Here we analyze the coupled patterns of drought variability on either sides of the North Atlantic Ocean basin using independent climate field reconstructions spanning the last millennium in order to detect and attribute epochs of coherent basin-wide moisture anomalies to ocean and atmosphere processes. A leading mode of broad-scale moisture variability is characterized by distinct patterns of North Atlantic atmosphere circulation and sea surface temperatures. We infer a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation and colder Atlantic sea surface temperatures in the middle of the fifteenth century, coincident with weaker solar irradiance and prior to strong volcanic forcing associated with the early Little Ice Age.",
author = "Anchukaitis, {Kevin J.} and Cook, {Edward R.} and Cook, {Benjamin I.} and Jessie Pearl and Rosanne D'Arrigo and Rob Wilson",
note = "Funding Information: This research was funded by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation P2C2 program (AGS‐1501856 and AGS‐1502224). B. I. C. was supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction program (NASA 80NSSC17K0265). We thank Mukund Rao for helpful discussion. Both drought atlases are available from the NCEI World Data Service for Paleoclimatology ( https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data ). The 20th Century Reanalysis data are available from NOAA‐CIRES ( https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.20thC_ReanV2c.html ), and HadISST data are available from the U.K. Met Office ( https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadisst/ ). This is Lamont contribution #8358. Funding Information: This research was funded by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation P2C2 program (AGS-1501856 and AGS-1502224). B. I. C. was supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction program (NASA 80NSSC17K0265). We thank Mukund Rao for helpful discussion. Both drought atlases are available from the NCEI World Data Service for Paleoclimatology (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data). The 20th Century Reanalysis data are available from NOAA-CIRES (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.20thC_ReanV2c.html), and HadISST data are available from the U.K. Met Office (https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadisst/). This is Lamont contribution #8358. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright}2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.",
year = "2019",
month = nov,
day = "16",
doi = "10.1029/2019GL084350",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "46",
pages = "12417--12426",
journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
issn = "0094-8276",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "21",
}